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Chapter 2 Introduction To Programming

The document outlines the problem-solving process for creating computer programs, including analyzing problems, planning algorithms using tools like pseudocode and flowcharts, and desk-checking algorithms. It provides examples of analyzing problems by determining input and output, planning algorithms using IPO charts and pseudocode/flowcharts, and desk-checking algorithms using sample test cases. The goal is to explain each step of the problem-solving process and show how it is used to solve various problems and create working computer programs.

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198 views36 pages

Chapter 2 Introduction To Programming

The document outlines the problem-solving process for creating computer programs, including analyzing problems, planning algorithms using tools like pseudocode and flowcharts, and desk-checking algorithms. It provides examples of analyzing problems by determining input and output, planning algorithms using IPO charts and pseudocode/flowcharts, and desk-checking algorithms using sample test cases. The goal is to explain each step of the problem-solving process and show how it is used to solve various problems and create working computer programs.

Uploaded by

resolution8878
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives

Explain the problem-solving process used to create


a computer program
Analyze a problem
Complete an IPO chart
Plan an algorithm using pseudocode and
flowcharts
Desk-check an algorithm

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Problem Solving
People solve hundreds of simple problems every
day without thinking about how they do it
Understanding the thought process involved can
help in solving more complex problems
You can also use a similar process to design a
computer solution to a problem (computer
program)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Solving Everyday Problems


First step in solving a problem: analyze it
Example: paying and mailing a bill

Next, you plan, review, implement, and evaluate


the solution
After this, it may be necessary to modify the
solution

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Solving Everyday Problems (contd.)

Figure 2-1 Summary of the analysis and planning steps for


the bill paying problem
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Solving Everyday Problems (contd.)

Figure 2-2 Modified algorithm for the bill paying problem


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Creating Computer Solutions to


Problems
A similar process to everyday problem solving is
used to create computer programs
A computer program is a solution implemented on
a computer
There are six steps to creating a computer solution
to a problem

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Creating Computer Solutions to


Problems (contd.)

Figure 2-3 How to create a computer solution to a problem

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Step 1Analyzing the Problem


It is essential to understand a problem before
creating a solution to it
Analyze a problem to:
Determine the goal of solving it
Output

Determine the items needed to achieve that goal


Input

Always search first for the output

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Step 1Analyzing the Problem


(contd.)

Figure 2-4 Problem specification for Treyson Mobley

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Step 1Analyzing the Problem


(contd.)
Some programmers use an IPO chart to organize
and summarize the results of a problem analysis
IPO: Input, processing, and output

Figure 2-5 Partially completed IPO chart showing the input and output items

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Hints for Analyzing Problems


Several readings of the problem may be necessary
to fully understand the problem
Cross out irrelevant information in the problem
description

Figure 2-6 Problem specification with unimportant information crossed out

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Hints for Analyzing Problems (contd.)


Some problem specifications contain incomplete
information

Figure 2-7 Problem specification that does not contain enough information

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

12

Hints for Analyzing Problems (contd.)


Distinguish between information that is missing and
information that is implied

Figure 2-8 Problem specification in which the input is not explicitly stated

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13

Step 2Planning the Algorithm


Algorithm: set of instructions that will transform the
problems input into its output
Record in the Processing column of the IPO chart
Can be written as pseudocode or a flowchart

Pseudocode: tool programmers use to help plan


an algorithm
Short English statements
Not standardized
Not understandable by a computer

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Step 2Planning the Algorithm


(contd.)

Figure 2-9 Problem specification and IPO chart for the Treyson Mobley problem
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

15

Step 2Planning the Algorithm


(contd.)
Flowcharts are also used to plan an algorithm
Use standardized symbols
Symbols connected with flowlines
Oval: start/stop symbol
Represents beginning and end of algorithm

Rectangle: process symbol


Represents tasks such as calculations

Parallelogram: input/output symbol


Represents I/O tasks

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Figure 2-10 Figure 2-9s algorithm in flowchart form


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

17

Step 2Planning the Algorithm


(contd.)
A problem can have more than one solution

Figure 2-11 A different solution to the Treyson Mobley problem (pseudocode)


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Step 2Planning the Algorithm


(contd.)
Processing item: an
intermediate value (neither
input nor output) the algorithm
uses to transform input into
output

Figure 2-11 A different solution to the Treyson


Mobley problem (flowchart)
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


Desk-checking an algorithm verifies that it is
correct
Refers to checking an algorithm by hand, rather
than with a computer
Also called hand-tracing
Choose sample data and manually compute the
expected output value
Creating a desk-check table can be helpful

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

20

Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


(contd.)

Figure 2-12 Manual tip calculation for the first desk-check

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

21

Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


(contd.)

Figure 2-13 Treyson Mobley solution and partially completed


desk-check table

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

22

Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


(contd.)

Figure 2-14 Input values entered in the desk-check table

Figure 2-15 Processing items value entered in the desk-check table

Figure 2-16 Output value entered in the desk-check table


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

23

Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


(contd.)

Figure 2-17 Manual tip calculation for the second desk-check

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

24

Figure 2-18 Second set of input values entered in the desk-check table

Figure 2-19 Value of the second desk-checks processing item


entered in the desk-check table

Figure 2-20 Value of the second desk-checks output item


entered in the desk-check table
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Step 3Desk-Checking the Algorithm


(contd.)
Valid data: data that the algorithm is expecting the
user to enter
Invalid data: data that the algorithm is not
expecting the user to enter
You should test an algorithm with invalid data
Users may make mistakes when entering data

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The Gas Mileage Problem

Figure 2-21 Problem specification for the gas mileage problem

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27

The Gas Mileage Problem (contd.)


Plan the algorithm with an IPO chart

Figure 2-22 IPO chart for the gas mileage problem

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

28

The Gas Mileage Problem (contd.)


Then desk-check the algorithm

Figure 2-23 Desk-check table for the gas mileage problem

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29

Summary
Problem solving typically involves analyzing the
problem and then planning, reviewing,
implementing, evaluating, and modifying (if
necessary) the solution
Programmers use tools (IPO charts, pseudocode,
flowcharts) to help them analyze problems and
develop algorithms
The first step in problem solving is to analyze the
problem
First determine the output and then the input
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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Summary (contd.)
The second step is to plan the algorithm
Write the steps that will transform the input into the
output
Most algorithms begin with entering input data, then
processing the data, then displaying the output

The third step is to desk-check the algorithm


Choose sample data and manually compute the
expected output
Create a desk-check table to fill in values step by
step
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

31

Lab 2-1: Stop and Analyze


Aiden Nelinski is paid every Friday and will receive
either a 2.0% or 2.5% raise next week
He wants a program that calculates and displays
the amount of his new weekly pay

Figure 2-26 IPO chart for Lab 2-1


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

32

Lab 2-2: Plan and Create


Create an algorithm for the manager of the
Lakeview Hotel

Figure 2-30 Completed IPO chart for Lab 2-2


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33

Lab 2-3: Modify


Each guest of the Lakeview Hotel pays an
entertainment tax, which is a percentage of the
room charge only
Modify the IPO chart in Figure 2-30
Desk-check the algorithm twice using the given
values

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Lab 2-4: Desk-Check


An algorithm is given to calculate and display an
annual property tax
Desk-check the algorithm three times using the
given values

Figure 2-36 IPO chart for Lab 2-4


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

35

Lab 2-5: Debug


An algorithm is given to calculate and display the
average of three numbers but is incorrect
Find and correct the errors in the algorithm

Figure 2-37 IPO chart for Lab 2-5

Figure 2-42 Corrected algorithm for Lab 2-5


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

36

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