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    Greater Bandwidth Than Copper - Lower Loss - Immunity To Crosstalk - No Electrical Hazard

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    Swarup Raj
    Optical fibers transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. They consist of a core with a higher refractive index surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive index. This causes light rays entering the core at angles greater than the critical angle to be refracted back into the core rather than exiting into the cladding. Common types of optical fibers include step-index multimode, single mode, and plastic optic fibers which can be made of glass or plastic and are enclosed in a protective jacket.

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    Greater Bandwidth Than Copper - Lower Loss - Immunity To Crosstalk - No Electrical Hazard

    Uploaded by

    Swarup Raj
    72 views11 pages
    Optical fibers transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. They consist of a core with a higher refractive index surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive index. This causes light rays entering the core at angles greater than the critical angle to be refracted back into the core rather than exiting into the cladding. Common types of optical fibers include step-index multimode, single mode, and plastic optic fibers which can be made of glass or plastic and are enclosed in a protective jacket.

    Original Description:

    Optical fiber basics

    Original Title

    Optical Fiber

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    Optical fibers transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. They consist of a core with a higher refractive index surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive index. This causes light rays entering the core at angles greater than the critical angle to be refracted back into the core rather than exiting into the cladding. Common types of optical fibers include step-index multimode, single mode, and plastic optic fibers which can be made of glass or plastic and are enclosed in a protective jacket.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    72 views11 pages

    Greater Bandwidth Than Copper - Lower Loss - Immunity To Crosstalk - No Electrical Hazard

    Uploaded by

    Swarup Raj
    Optical fibers transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. They consist of a core with a higher refractive index surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive index. This causes light rays entering the core at angles greater than the critical angle to be refracted back into the core rather than exiting into the cladding. Common types of optical fibers include step-index multimode, single mode, and plastic optic fibers which can be made of glass or plastic and are enclosed in a protective jacket.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Introduction

    An optical fiber is essentially a waveguide for light


    It consists of a core and cladding that surrounds the core
    The index of refraction of the cladding is less than that of
    the core, causing rays of light leaving the core to be refracted
    back into the core
    A light-emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (LD) can be used
    for the source
    Advantages of optical fiber include:

    Greater bandwidth than copper


    Lower loss
    Immunity to crosstalk
    No electrical hazard

    Optical Fiber & Communications System

    How Does fiber optic transmit


    light

    Optical Fiber
    Optical fiber is made from thin strands
    of either glass or plastic
    It has little mechanical strength, so it
    must be enclosed in a protective jacket
    Often, two or more fibers are enclosed
    in the same cable for increased
    bandwidth and redundancy in case one
    of the fibers breaks
    It is also easier to build a full-duplex
    system using two fibers, one for
    transmission in each direction

    Total Internal Reflection


    Optical fibers work on the principle of
    total internal reflection
    With light, the refractive index is listed
    The angle of refraction at the
    interface between two media is
    governed by Snells law:
    n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2

    Refraction & Total Internal


    Reflection

    Acceptance angle or
    Acceptance cone
    half-angle

    Numerical Aperture

    The numerical aperture of


    the fiber is closely related to
    the critical angle and is
    often used in the
    specification for optical fiber
    and the components that
    work with it
    The numerical aperture is
    given by the formula:

    n12 n22
    N . A.
    n0

    n1 2
    N . A.
    n0

    Modes and Materials


    Since optical fiber is a waveguide, light can propagate in a
    number of modes
    If a fiber is of large diameter, light entering at different angles will
    excite different modes while narrow fiber may only excite one
    mode
    Multimode propagation will cause dispersion, which results in
    the spreading of pulses and limits the usable bandwidth
    Single-mode fiber has much less dispersion but is more
    expensive to produce. Its small size, together with the fact that its
    numerical aperture is smaller than that of multimode fiber,
    makes it more difficult to couple to light sources
    Based on materials there are three types of fiber
    Glass-minimal losses but these are hard, SiO2 and SiO2+B2O3, SiO2+GeO2
    Plastic-losses are more but more flexible
    Glass plastic-

    Fiber media
    Optical fibers are the actual media that guides the light
    There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used

    Step-index Multimode fiber

    Single Mode

    Plastic optic fiber

    Types of Fiber

    Both types of fiber described earlier are known as step-index


    fibers because the index of refraction changes radically
    between the core and the cladding
    Graded-index fiber is a compromise multimode fiber, but the
    index of refraction gradually decreases away from the center
    of the core
    Graded-index fiber has less dispersion than a multimode stepindex fiber

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