Tugas 1 - IPv6 Datagram

JARINGAN KOMPUTER
Dibuat oleh:
CHAPTER
4.4.4
4.4.5
Christian Hardy
1114031
Adrianus Adnan
1114033
Adhika Gunadarma
1114035
IPv6 INTRODUCTION
In the early 1990s, the Internet Engineering Task Force began an

effort to develop a successor to the IPv4 protocol.
A prime motivation for this effort was the realization that the 32-bit
IP address space was beginning to be used up.
To respond to this need for a large IP address space, a new IP

protocol, IPv6, was developed.
The designers of IPv6 also took this opportunity to tweak and

augment other aspects of IPv4, based on the accumulated
operational experience with IPv4.
IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

FORMAT

FORMAT
Expanded addressing capabilities
IPv6 increases the size of the IP address from 32 to 128 bits.
This ensures that the world wont run out of IP addresses.
Now, every grain of sand on the planet can be IP-addressable.
In addition to unicast and multicast addresses, IPv6 has introduced a

new type of address, called an anycast address, which allows a
datagram to be delivered to any one of a group of hosts. (This
feature could be used, for example, to send an HTTP GET to the
nearest of a number of mirror sites that contain a given document.)

FORMAT
A streamlined 40-byte header
As discussed below, a number of IPv4 fields have been dropped or

made optional.
The resulting 40-byte fixed-length header allows for faster processing

of the IP datagram.
A new encoding of options allows for more flexible options

processing.

FORMAT
Flow labeling and priority.
IPv6 has an elusive definition of a flow.
The designers of IPv6 foresee the eventual need to be able to

differentiate among the flows, even if the exact meaning of a flow
has not yet been determined.
The IPv6 header also has an 8-bit traffic class field.
This field, like the TOS field in IPv4, can be used to give priority to
certain datagrams within a flow, or it can be used to give priority to
datagrams from certain applications (for example, ICMP) over
datagrams from other applications (for example, network news).

FORMAT
IPv6 DATAGRAM FORMAT
Version. IPv6 carries a value of 6

in this field. Note that putting a 4
in this field does not create a valid
IPv4 datagram.
Traffic class. This 8-bit field is

similar in spirit to the TOS field we
saw in IPv4.
Flow label. This 20-bit field is

used to identify a flow of
datagrams.
Payload length. This 16-bit value is

treated as an unsigned int giving the
number of bytes in the IPv6
datagram following the fixed-length,
40-byte datagram header.
Next header. This field identifies

the protocol to which the contents
(data field)of this datagram will be
delivered (for example, to TCP or
UDP). The field uses the same values
as the protocol field in the IPv4
header.
Hop limit. The contents of this

field are decremented by one by
each router that forwards the
datagram. If the hop limit count
reaches zero, the datagram is
discarded.
Source & destination

addresses. The various formats
of the IPv6 128-bit address are
described in RFC 4291.
Data. This is the payload portion

of the IPv6 datagram. When the
datagram reaches its destination,
the payload will be removed from
the IP datagram and passed on to
the protocol specified in the next
header field.

FORMAT

FORMAT
Fragmentation/Reassembly
IPv6 doesnt allow fragmentation and reassembly at intermediate

routers; these operations can be performed only by the source &
destination.
If an IPv6 datagram received by a router is too large to be forwarded over

the outgoing link, the router simply drops the datagram and sends a
Packet Too Big ICMP error message back to the sender. The sender can
then resend the data, using a smaller IP datagram size.
Fragmentation & reassembly is a time-consuming operation; removing

this functionality from the routers and placing it squarely in the end
systems considerably speeds up IP forwarding within the network.

FORMAT
Header Checksum
Because the transport-layer & link-layer protocols in the Internet

layers perform checksumming, the designers of IP probably felt that
this functionality was sufficiently redundant in the network layer that
it could be removed.
Once again, fast processing of IP packets was a central concern.

Since the IPv4 header contains a TTL field (similar to the hop limit
field in IPv6), the IPv4 header checksum needed to be recomputed at
every router. As with fragmentation and reassembly, this too was a
costly operation in IPv4.

FORMAT
Options
An options field is no longer a part of the standard IP header.

However, it has not gone away.
Instead, the options field is one of the possible next headers pointed
to from within the IPv6 header.
That is, just as TCP or UDP protocol headers can be the next header
within an IP packet, so too can an options field. The removal of the
options field results in a fixed-length, 40-byte IP header.
A Brief Foray into IP

Security
IPv4 was designed in the 1970s
Creating a computer network that integrated a

multitude of link-layer technologies was already
challenging enough, without having to worry about
security
But the security was being a major concern today
One of the more popular secure network-layer

protocols, IPsec was built

Security
IPsec has been designed to be backward compatible

with IPv4 and IPv6
If two hosts want to securely communicate, then

using the transport mode

Security
In transport mode, two hosts first establish an Ipsec

session between themselves
All TCP and UDP segments sent between the two

hosts enjoy the security services provided by Ipsec
On the sending side, the transport layer passes a

segment to IPsec
IPsec then encrypts the segment
The sending host sends the datagram into the

Internet

Security
The services provided by an IPsec session include:
Cryptographic agreement
Encryption of IP datagram payloads
Data integrity
Origin authentication

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JARINGAN KOMPUTER

In the early 1990s, the Internet Engineering Task Force began an

To respond to this need for a large IP address space, a new IP

The designers of IPv6 also took this opportunity to tweak and

IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

IPv6 increases the size of the IP address from 32 to 128 bits.

This ensures that the world wont run out of IP addresses.

Now, every grain of sand on the planet can be IP-addressable.

In addition to unicast and multicast addresses, IPv6 has introduced a

IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

As discussed below, a number of IPv4 fields have been dropped or

The resulting 40-byte fixed-length header allows for faster processing

A new encoding of options allows for more flexible options

IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

IPv6 has an elusive definition of a flow.

The designers of IPv6 foresee the eventual need to be able to

The IPv6 header also has an 8-bit traffic class field.

IPv6 vs IPv4 DATAGRAM

IPv6 DATAGRAM FORMAT

Version. IPv6 carries a value of 6

Traffic class. This 8-bit field is

Flow label. This 20-bit field is

IPv6 DATAGRAM FORMAT

Payload length. This 16-bit value is

Next header. This field identifies

IPv6 DATAGRAM FORMAT

Hop limit. The contents of this

Source & destination

IPv6 DATAGRAM FORMAT

Data. This is the payload portion

IPv4 vs IPv6 DATAGRAM

IPv4 vs IPv6 DATAGRAM

IPv6 doesnt allow fragmentation and reassembly at intermediate

If an IPv6 datagram received by a router is too large to be forwarded over

Fragmentation & reassembly is a time-consuming operation; removing

IPv4 vs IPv6 DATAGRAM

Because the transport-layer & link-layer protocols in the Internet

Once again, fast processing of IP packets was a central concern.

IPv4 vs IPv6 DATAGRAM

An options field is no longer a part of the standard IP header.

A Brief Foray into IP

IPv4 was designed in the 1970s

Creating a computer network that integrated a

But the security was being a major concern today

One of the more popular secure network-layer

A Brief Foray into IP

IPsec has been designed to be backward compatible

If two hosts want to securely communicate, then

A Brief Foray into IP

In transport mode, two hosts first establish an Ipsec

All TCP and UDP segments sent between the two

On the sending side, the transport layer passes a

IPsec then encrypts the segment

The sending host sends the datagram into the

A Brief Foray into IP

The services provided by an IPsec session include:

Encryption of IP datagram payloads

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