What is First Aid?

FIRST AID- to provide

preceding all
with what is
others in time or useful or
order (Merriam and Webster
necessary
Dictionary)
FIRST AID is an immediate care given
to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help
and home care if medical assistance is
not available or delayed.
(Philippine National Red Cross)

Goals of First Aid

ALLEVIATE
SUFFERIN
G
One of the
main
objectives is
to be able to
help to
reduce or
totally
alleviate
suffering

PREVENT
FURTHER
INJURY or
DANGER
also
sometimes
calledpreve
nt the
condition
from
worsening,
ordanger of
further
injury

PROLONG
LIFE
first aid
measures
aim to
preserve
and sustain
life. Also to
save the
victim from
imminent
danger.

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

ference: Philippine National Red Cross

GENTLE
- First aider should
not cause, inflict pain
as much as possible

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

RESOURCEFU
L
- Makes the best use
of things at hand

ference: Philippine National Red Cross

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

ference: Philippine National Red Cross

OBSERVANT
- Should notice all
signs. Aware of what
is happening and
what may happen.

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

TACTFUL
- Handling the victim
with utmost care and
in a calm manner.

ference: Philippine National Red Cross

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

EMPHATIC
- Should be
comforting.

Characteristics of a Good First

Aider

RESPECTABL
E
- Maintains a
professional and
caring attitude

ference: Philippine National Red Cross

GENERAL GUIDELINES IN
ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

Getting Started
1. Planning of Action
Established based on anticipated needs
and available resources.
Example: Getting to know where the First
Aid Kits are located as well as other
emergency equipment such as fire
extinguishers, fire alarm switches and fire
exits. Also by being aware of the emergency
numbers such as Ambulance providers,
Hospital emergency room, Fire department
and police stations.

Getting Started
2. Gathering of needed materials
Preparation of equipment and
personnel.

SUGGESTED
BASIC FIRST AID
KIT CONTENTS

0% Isoprophyl Alcohol Povidone Iodine

Tongue
Depressors

Set of Scissors and

Forceps

Penlight

Cotton Balls

Band Aid

Sterile Gauze
Pads

Gloves

Elastic Bandage
Triangular Bandage

Adhesive
Plasters

Getting Started
Initial Response (Sequence of
actions)

Ask for HELP

Intervene. Give
appropriate
interventions

Do no further harm

SAFETY FIRST!
SURVEY THE SCENE
Is the scene safe? Safe for you and the
injured person?
What happened?
How many people are injured?
Are there someone who can help?
Get consent before giving first aid care.

CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
(CPR)

Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
is a lifesaving technique useful in
many emergencies, including heart
attack or near drowning, in which
someone's breathing or heartbeat
has stopped.
This is a combination of chest
compressions and rescue breaths.

urces: http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600
hilippine National Red Cross

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE

ON ADMINISTERING CPR

Survey The Scene

Is the scene safe for you and the victim?
Is there someone who can help?

If the scene is secure for you to perform first aid,

kindly proceed by introducing your self and
asking if you can help.
- this enables you to gain the trust of the
victim as well as the people around the scene.

Primary Survey

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

TAP BOTH SHOULDERS AND ASK

THE VICTIM FOR WHAT
HAPPENED. TAKE NOTE OF THE
APPROPRIATENESS OF VERBAL
RESPONSE.

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

CHECK FOR THE PATENCY

OF NOSTRILS AND MOUTH.
USING HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

CHECK FOR BREATH SOUNDS AS WELL

AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CHEST.
NOTE FOR DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING.

Normal Respiratory
Rate:
18 -24 Respirations
per Minute

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CHECK FOR PULSE.

CAROTID OR RADIAL

CIRCULATION

Normal Pulse
Rate:
60 80 Beats per
Minute

Conditions When CPR is Needed

The victim is UNCONSCIOUS.
PULSE is WEAK or NO PULSE.
NO BREATHING / DIFFICULTY IN
BREATHING
Cardiac Arrest caused by Coronary
Heart Disease, Dysrhythmias, Respiratory
arrest, Electrocution, Drowning, Choking,
and Trauma.

Chest Compressions
Using the heel of the palm,
interlaced with the other
hand, perform 30
compressions. Approximately
2 inches deep on the middle
of the chest just in line with
the sternum.

Area of
Chest
Compressio

Chest Compressions
A cycle of chest compression
is composed of 30
compressions at a rate of 80
100 per minute.
After a cycle, 2 Rescue
breaths are administered.

Rescue Breaths
Giving oxygen via mouth to
mouth.
HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT, pinch the
nose and give a full blow of air
directly to the mouth twice. Note
for the rise and fall of the chest.
If the chest did not move, check
for airway patency or re tilt the

CPR Cycles
5 cycles composed of:
Cycle 1
- 30 compressions
- 2 rescue breaths
Cycle 2
- 30 compressions
- 2 rescue breaths
And so on and so forth until the 5 th cycle.

CPR Cycles
Re assess the victim after 5 cycles
using the primary survey.

CONSCIOUSNESS

AIRWAYS

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

When to STOP the CPR

SSpontaneous signs of circulation restored

Turned over to medical services or
authorized personnel

Operator is already exhausted and cannot

continue CPR

Physician assumes the responsibility

Care of the Victim After Successful

CPR
Transfer in a secured place.
Place in a side lying position - Recovery
position.
Wait for the emergency response unit and
continuously monitor the victim.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Wounds
Is a break in the continuity of a tissue
of the body either internal or external
Classifications:
Closed Wound
Open Wound

(Philippine National Red Cross)

Closed Wound
Break in the continuity of a body
tissue without the skin being broken
down.
Causes:
Blunt object result in contusion or
bruises
Application of external forces.

Closed Wound
Signs and Symptoms
Pain and tenderness
Swelling
Discoloration
Hematoma

Closed Wound
First Aid Management
Rest the affected area. Movement may aggravate the
closed wound condition.

Ice Compress. Apply ice compress to the affected

areas.
It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an anaesthetic
Compression.
Application of firm pressure. To avoid further
effect
hematoma.

Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote

venous return of blood and avoid pooling in the area

Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This helps

in avoiding unnecessary movements.

Closed Wound
Perform further assessment and put the
injured person under observation. SEEK
FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF:
The pain is unbearable
Hematoma is spreading
The affected area is the head (including face
and neck)
Involves the spine area.
Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose.
Coughing and vomiting of blood.

Open Wound
is an injury involving an external or
internal break in body tissue, usually
involving the skin.

Open Wound
Classifications:
Puncture wound caused by sharp & pointed
object Penetrating the skin.
Abrasion caused by rubbing/scrapping of the
skin against rough surfaces.
Laceration the skin is torn by sharp objects
with irregular edges.
Avulsion tissues are forcefully separated
from the body.
Incision skin and tissues are cut by a sharp
bladed instrument.

Dangers of an Open Wound

Hemorrhage severe bleeding.
Infection introduction of
bacteria/parasites.
Shock decreased in circulatory
(blood) volume. (a fatal condition)

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with severe bleeding.
INSPECT
Inspect for foreign object lodged
in the wound area. It can be
removed manually by hand or
using a pick up forceps. Flushing
with normal saline solution or just
clean water is also applicable.

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with severe bleeding.
CONTROL BLEEDING
Done by applying a sterile
absorbent gauze pad over the
bleeding site while applying a firm
pressure. Dressing can be
secured with a bandage and
splints.

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with severe bleeding.

REFER TO A PHYSICIAN
It is essential in severe bleeding
wounds. Further medical/surgical
management may be needed like
suturing or administration of
medications that control bleeding.

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with severe bleeding.

CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT
AND OBSERVATION FOR
SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms:
Pale/Cyanotic. Cold and Clammy
Skin. Irregular Breathing.
Weak/Rapid Pulse. Weakness.

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding.
CLEAN
Clean with mild soap and water.

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding.

DISINFECT
Apply topical antiseptics.
Povidone Iodine or Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin,
Fusidic Acid)

First Aid Management for Open

Wounds
For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding.

DRESS
Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure
with
adhesive tapes.

Burns
Is an injury involving the skin, including
muscles, bones, nerves and blood
vessels. This results from exposure to
direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity,
solar or other forms of radiation.
Classifications:
Thermal Burns
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns

Thermal Burns
THERMAL BURNS caused by direct
or indirect contact to flames and
other hot objects, steams or liquids.

Thermal Burns
Classified in to 3 according to depth
& severity

FIRST
DEGREE
BURN

Affects only the first (epidermis) layer of the skin.

Very painful and skin is red.

Thermal Burns
Classified in to 3 according to depth
& severity

SECOND
DEGREE
BURN

ffects the first and second layer (epidermis + dermis

of the skin. Blisters are expected to form.

Thermal Burns
Classified in to 3 according to depth
& severity

THIRD
DEGREE
BURN

cts the first and second layer of the skin and may ex
up to the proximal subcutaneous tissues.
Usually less painful.

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

For First and Second Degree Burn.

RELIEVE PAIN
Relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean
tap water/iced water for maximum of 5mins for
iced water and 10mins for tap water. Prolonged
exposure to extremely cold temperature may
cause total numbness due to extreme
vasoconstriction..

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

For First and Second Degree Burn.

COVER
COVER
Cover
Cover the
the burned
burned area
area with
with clean
clean cloth
cloth or
or dressing
dressing (if
(if
available)
available) and
and make
make sure
sure that
that it
it is
is non
non sticking.
sticking. If
If blisters
blisters are
are
forming,
forming, do
do not
not attempt
attempt to
to pop
pop it
it out
out to
to prevent
prevent infection.
infection.
Always
Always maintain
maintain cleanliness
cleanliness on
on the
the burned
burned area.
area. Apply
Apply Burn
Burn
Ointment
Ointment if
if available.
available.

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

For Third Degree Burns.
COVER
Cover the burned
area with a dry and
non sticking
dressing. Do not
apply anything unto
the skin. Immersing
into water is not
advisable.

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

For Third Degree Burns.
PREPARE FOR
EMERGENCY TRANSFER
Continuously monitor for
signs of dehydration and
shock. Keep the victim
warm by covering with
blankets during the
transfer. Extend the flexed
burned extremities to
avoid contractures.

Chemical Burns
Burns caused by direct contact of
chemical into skin.
Car battery Solutions
Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)
Bleach
Ammonia

First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing with water. Remove the
victims contaminated clothing. Use
mild soap for the final rinse.

First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

Pat dry the area using clean cloth
and apply dressing into affected
area.

First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

If the chemical is in the eye, flush for
at least 20minutes using low
pressure.

First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

Seek medical attention immediately
for chemical burns.

Thank You!