Sarvajanik College of Engineering &

Technology

Synchronous State
Machine Design

Subject :- Digital Electronics

(2131004)

CO-(eve) 2nd year

:: Presented by ::
Adarsh Patel (36)
:: Guided faculty :: Praful Rathod (45)
Prof. Bintu Kadhiwala Meet Shah
(50)
Prof. Rakesh Patel Yash Shah
(52)

Multidimensional data model &

SubjectOLAP
: Dataoperations
Mining And Business
Intelligence

CO(eve) 4th year

:: Guided faculty ::
Prof. Bintu Kadhiwala
Prof. Rakesh Patel

:: Presented by ::
Adarsh Patel (36)
Praful Rathod (45)
Meet Shah
(50)
Yash Shah
(52)

Outlin
e

Data Cube : A Multidimensional Data

Model
Schemas for Multidimensional Data
Models
OLAP Operation

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Multidimensional Data Model

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Introduction to MDDM
MDDM allows data to be modeled and viewe
in multiple dimensions. It is defned
dimension and facts.
by
s
In general terms, dimensions are

which an

the

Dimensions:-Texture Attributes to
perspectives or entities with respect
to
analyses
data.
organization wants to keep records.
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Introduction to MDDM
A data warehouse is based on a MDDM which
views data in the form of a data cube
A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be
modeled
viewed in multiple dimensions
Dimension
tables, such as item
and
(item_name,

brand, type) or time(day, week, month,

Fact table contains measures
as
quarter,
year)and keys to each of the
dollars_sold)
(such

Introduction to MDDM
all
time

time,item

0-D(apex) cuboid

item

time,location

location

item,location

time,supplier
time,item,location

supplier

location,supplier

2-D cuboids
item,supplier

time,location,supplier

time,item,supplier

1-D cuboids

3-D cuboids

item,location,supplier

4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
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Schem fo MDDM
as

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Schemas for MDDMs

Star schema: A fact table in the middle

to a set

connected

of dimension tables
Snowflake

A refnement of star schema

some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a set

schema:
where
of
smaller dimension tables, forming a shape similar to

snowflake
Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share
dimension
tables, viewed as a collection of stars, therefore called
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Example of Star Schema

time

item

time_key day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year

Sales Fact Table

time_key
item_key
branch_key

branch

location_key

branch_key
branch_name
branch_type

units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales

item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type

location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country

Measures
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Example of Snowflake Schema

time
time_key day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year

item
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
branch_key

branch
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type

location_key
units_sold

item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_key

supplier
supplier_key

supplier_type

location
location_key
street
city_key

dollars_sold
avg_sales

Measures
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city
city_key
city
province_or_street
country
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time

Example of Fact Constellation

time_key day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year

item

Sales Fact Table

item_key
item_name

time_key

brand
type

item_key
branch_key
branch

location_key

branch_key
branch_name
branch_type

units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales

supplier_type

location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country

Measures

Shipping Fact Tabl

time_key
item_key
shipper_key

from_location
to_location
dollars_cost
units_shipped
shipper
shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
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shipper_type

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Introducti toOLA
on

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Introduction to OLAP

OLAP (online analytical processing) is

computer
selectivel extract and view
from
points
of view.
processing
that enables a user to easily and
data
diferent
y
to get an
It allows managers, and
fast,
analysts
and
Interactive access to information
consistent
insight of the information
from
multiple
through database systems at one time.
OLAP data is stored in Multidimensional
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Example of OLAP

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OLA operatio
P

ns

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OLAP operations

OLAP operations provides users with

the

flexibility
A
numberto
of view
OLAPdata
from
diferent
data
cube
operations
diferent
allowin
to
materialize
perspectives.
exist
and
of the data at
views,
g
these

analysis
Typical
OLAP Operations
interactive
Roll up (drill-up)

Roll down (Drill down)

querying

Slice and dice

hand

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Roll up (drill-up) operation

The roll-up operation performs

on a

aggregation

data cube, either by climbing up a

concept
relationships for
or more dimensions. To do
hierarchy for a dimension
or by or formul
relationshi
one
dimension
p
a
this, a
reduction
computational
A roll-up involves
computing all of the
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Roll up (drill-up) operation

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Roll down(drill-down) operation

It navigates from less detailed data to more

detailed data.
Drill-down can be realized by either stepping

down a concept hierarchy for a dimension or

introducing
to
lower level
additional
summary
dimensions.
or
data, or
detailed
Reverse of Roll-up from higher level
summary new dimensions
introducing
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Roll down(drill-down)

operation

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Slice and dice operation

slice operation selects one particular

dimension

from a given cube and provides a new

Dice operation selects two or more

subcube.
from a given
and provide a new subdimensions
cube. cube
s

Project and Select

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Slice operation

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Dice operation

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Pivot operation

The pivot operation is also known as rotation.

It

rotates
the
data axes
to
Pivot: To
change
the in view in order
orientatio
of
a repor or page display
provide
dimensional
n
t
.
an alternative presentation of data.

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Pivot operation

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EN
D

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