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Block Diagram

- Block diagrams can be used to represent control systems and derive closed-loop transfer functions. - The transfer functions describe the dynamic behavior of the controlled process under set-point changes (servo problem) and disturbance changes (regulator problem). - Closed-loop transfer functions take the general form of output/input = forward path terms / (1 + feedback loop terms), known as the process open-loop transfer function. - Complex block diagrams can be reduced and the general form applied to obtain closed-loop transfer functions describing the overall system behavior.

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193 views17 pages

Block Diagram

- Block diagrams can be used to represent control systems and derive closed-loop transfer functions. - The transfer functions describe the dynamic behavior of the controlled process under set-point changes (servo problem) and disturbance changes (regulator problem). - Closed-loop transfer functions take the general form of output/input = forward path terms / (1 + feedback loop terms), known as the process open-loop transfer function. - Complex block diagrams can be reduced and the general form applied to obtain closed-loop transfer functions describing the overall system behavior.

Uploaded by

Simran Jeet Singh Maken
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Summer

Chapter 11

2. Comparator

3. Block

Y(s) G(s)X(s)
Blocks in Series

are equivalent to...


1

Chapter 11

Figure 11.10 Three blocks in series.

Figure 11.11 Equivalent block diagram.

Block Diagram Reduction

Chapter 11

In deriving closed-loop transfer functions, it is often convenient to


combine several blocks into a single block. For example, consider
the three blocks in series in Fig. 11.10. The block diagram
indicates the following relations:
X1 G1U
X 2 G2 X1

(11-11)

X 3 G3 X 2
By successive substitution,

or

X 3 G3G2G1U

(11-12)

X 3 GU

(11-13)

where G @G3G2G1.
3

Chapter 11

Figure 11.8 Standard block diagram of a feedback


control system.
4

Closed-Loop Transfer Functions

Chapter 11

The block diagrams considered so far have been specifically


developed for the stirred-tank blending system. The more general
block diagram in Fig. 11.8 contains the standard notation:
Y = controlled variable
U = manipulated variable
D = disturbance variable (also referred to as load
variable)
P = controller output
E = error signal
Ym = measured value of Y
Ysp = set point
internal set point (used by the controller)
Y%
sp
5

Yu = change in Y due to U
Yd = change in Y due to D

Chapter 11

Gc = controller transfer function


Gv = transfer function for final control element
(including KIP, if required)
Gp = process transfer function
Gd = disturbance transfer function
Gm = transfer function for measuring element and
transmitter
Km = steady-state gain for Gm

Set-Point Changes

Chapter 11

Next we derive the closed-loop transfer function for set-point


changes. The closed-loop system behavior for set-point changes is
also referred to as the servomechanism (servo) problem in the
control literature.
Y Yd Yu

(11-14)

Yd Gd D 0 (because D 0)

(11-15)

Yu G pU

(11-16)

Y G pU

(11-17)

Combining gives

Chapter 11

Figure 11.8 also indicates the following input/output relations for


the individual blocks:
U Gv P

(11-18)

P Gc E
E Y% Y

(11-19)

(11-20)

Y%
sp K mYsp

(11-21)

Ym GmY

(11-22)

sp

Combining the above equations gives


Y G p Gv P G p GvGc E

(11-23)

G p Gv Gc Y%
sp Ym

(11-24)

G p Gv Gc K mYsp GmY

(11-25)
8

Rearranging gives the desired closed-loop transfer function,

Chapter 11

K mGcGvG p
Y

Ysp 1 GcGvG p Gm

(11-26)

Disturbance Changes
Now consider the case of disturbance changes, which is also
referred to as the regulator problem since the process is to be
regulated at a constant set point. From Fig. 11.8,
Y Yd Yu Gd D G pU

(11-27)

Substituting (11-18) through (11-22) gives

Y Gd D G pU G pGvGc K mYsp GmY

(11-28)
9

Because Ysp = 0 we can arrange (11-28) to give the closed-loop


transfer function for disturbance changes:

Chapter 11

Gd
Y

D 1 GcGv G p Gm

(11-29)

A comparison of Eqs. 11-26 and 11-29 indicates that both


closed-loop transfer functions have the same denominator,
1 + GcGvGpGm. The denominator is often written as 1 + GOL
where GOL is the open-loop transfer function, GOL @GcGvG p Gm .
At different points in the above derivations, we assumed that
D = 0 or Ysp = 0, that is, that one of the two inputs was constant.
But suppose that D 0 and Ysp 0, as would be the case if a
disturbance occurs during a set-point change. To analyze this
situation, we rearrange Eq. 11-28 and substitute the definition of
GOL to obtain
10

Chapter 11

K mGc GvG p
Gd
Y
D
Ysp
1 GOL
1 GOL

(11-30)

Thus, the response to simultaneous disturbance variable and setpoint changes is merely the sum of the individual responses, as
can be seen by comparing Eqs. 11-26, 11-29, and 11-30.
This result is a consequence of the Superposition Principle for
linear systems.

11

Closed-Loop Transfer Functions


Indicate dynamic behavior of the controlled process
(i.e., process plus controller, transmitter, valve etc.)

Chapter 11

Set-point Changes (Servo Problem)


Assume Ysp 0 and D = 0 (set-point change while disturbance
change is zero)

K M GC GV GP
Y (s)

Ysp ( s ) 1 GC GV GP GM

(11-26)

Disturbance Changes (Regulator Problem)


Assume D 0 and Ysp = 0 (constant set-point)

Y (s)
GL

D( s ) 1 GC GV GP GM

(11-29)

*Note same denominator for Y/D, Y/Ysp.


12

General Expression for Feedback Control Systems

Chapter 11

Closed-loop transfer functions for more complicated block


diagrams can be written in the general form:
f
Z

Zi 1 e

(11-31)

where:
Z is the output variable or any internal variable within the
control loop
Zi is an input variable (e.g., Ysp or D)
f = product of the transfer functions in the forward path from
Zi to Z
e = product of every transfer function in the feedback loop
13

Chapter 11

Example 11.1
Find the closed-loop transfer function Y/Ysp for the complex
control system in Figure 11.12. Notice that this block diagram has
two feedback loops and two disturbance variables. This
configuration arises when the cascade control scheme of Chapter
16 is employed.

Figure 11.12 Complex control system.

14

Chapter 11

Figure 11.13 Block diagram for reduced system.

15

Chapter 11

Figure 11.14 Final block diagrams for Example 11.1.


16

Chapter 11

Solution
Using the general rule in (11-31), we first reduce the inner loop to
a single block as shown in Fig. 11.13. To solve the servo problem,
set D1 = D2 = 0. Because Fig. 11.13 contains a single feedback
loop, use (11-31) to obtain Fig. 11.14a. The final block diagram is
shown in Fig. 11.14b with Y/Ysp = Km1G5. Substitution for G4 and
G5 gives the desired closed-loop transfer function:
K m1Gc1Gc 2G1G2G3
Y

Ysp 1 Gc 2G1Gm 2 Gc1G2G3Gm1Gc 2G1

17

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