0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views30 pages

Spline Interpolation Method

Spline interpolation is a method for generating new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. It uses piecewise polynomials called splines to interpolate between known data values. Linear splines connect known points with straight lines, while quadratic splines fit parabolic curves between each set of points. Quadratic splines provide smoother interpolations than linear splines. The example demonstrates using quadratic splines to interpolate rocket velocity values at times not in the original data set, including finding the velocity, acceleration, and distance traveled at a particular time.

Uploaded by

Mawar Lestary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views30 pages

Spline Interpolation Method

Spline interpolation is a method for generating new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. It uses piecewise polynomials called splines to interpolate between known data values. Linear splines connect known points with straight lines, while quadratic splines fit parabolic curves between each set of points. Quadratic splines provide smoother interpolations than linear splines. The example demonstrates using quadratic splines to interpolate rocket velocity values at times not in the original data set, including finding the velocity, acceleration, and distance traveled at a particular time.

Uploaded by

Mawar Lestary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Spline Interpolation

Method

What is Interpolation ?
Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), (xn,yn), find
the value of y at a value of x that is
not given.

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

Interpolants
Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because
they are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.

Why Splines ?
Table : Six equidistantly spaced points in [-1, 1]
x

1
1 25 x 2

-1.0

0.038461

-0.6

0.1

-0.2

0.5

0.2

0.5

0.6

0.1

1.0

0.038461

Figure : 5th order polynomial vs. exact function

Why Splines ?

Figure : Higher order polynomial interpolation is a bad idea


5

Linear Interpolation
Given x0 , y0 , x1 , y1 ,......, x n 1 , y n1 x n , y n , fit linear splines to the data. This simply involves
forming the consecutive data through straight lines. So if the above data is given in an ascending
order, the linear splines are given by yi f ( xi )
Figure : Linear splines

Linear Interpolation
(contd)
f ( x ) f ( x0 )

f ( x1 ) f ( x 0 )
( x x 0 ),
x1 x 0

x 0 x x1

f ( x1 )

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
( x x1 ),
x2 x1

x1 x x 2

.
.
.
f ( x n 1 )

f ( x n ) f ( x n 1 )
( x x n 1 ), x n1 x x n
x n x n 1

Note the terms of


f ( xi ) f ( x i1 )
xi x i 1

in the above function are simply slopes between xi 1 and x i .


7

Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1. Find the velocity
at t=16 seconds using linear splines.
Table Velocity as a
function of time

t (s)

v(t ) (m/s)

0
10
15
20
22.5
30

0
227.04
362.78
517.35
602.97
901.67
Figure. Velocity vs. time data
for the rocket example

Linear Interpolation
t 0 15,

v (t 0 ) 362.78

t1 20,

v (t1 ) 517.35

v (t ) v(t 0 )

v(t 1 ) v (t 0 )
(t t 0 )
t1 t 0

362.78

517.35 362.78
(t 15)
20 15

517.35

550

500
ys
f ( range)

f x desired

v (t ) 362.78 30.913( t 15)

450

400

At t 16,
v (16) 362.78 30.913(16 15)

393.7

362.78

350

10

12

x s 10

m/s

14

16

18

x s range x desired

20

22

24
x s 10
1

Quadratic Interpolation
Given x0 , y0 , x1 , y1 ,......, x n 1 , y n 1 , x n , y n , fit quadratic splines through the data. The splines
are given by
f ( x ) a1 x 2 b1 x c1 ,
a 2 x 2 b2 x c2 ,

x 0 x x1
x1 x x 2

.
.
.
a n x 2 bn x cn ,

Find a i , bi , ci , i 1, 2, , n

10

x n 1 x x n

Quadratic Interpolation
(contd)
Each quadratic spline goes through two consecutive data points
2

a1 x 0 b1 x 0 c1 f ( x0 )
a1 x1 b1 x1 c1 f ( x1 )
2

.
.
2

a i xi 1 bi xi 1 ci f ( xi 1 )
2

a i xi bi xi c i f ( xi )

.
.
2

a n x n1 bn x n 1 c n f ( xn 1 )
2

a n x n bn xn cn f ( x n )
This condition gives 2n equations
11

Quadratic Splines (contd)


The first derivatives of two quadratic splines are continuous at the interior points.
For example, the derivative of the first spline
a1 x 2 b1 x c1 is

2 a1 x b1

The derivative of the second spline


a 2 x 2 b2 x c 2 is

2 a2 x b2

and the two are equal at x x1 giving


2 a1 x1 b1 2a 2 x1 b2
2 a1 x1 b1 2a 2 x1 b2 0

12

Quadratic Splines (contd)


Similarly at the other interior points,
2a 2 x 2 b2 2a3 x 2 b3 0
.
.
.
2ai xi bi 2ai 1 xi bi 1 0
.
.
.
2a n 1 x n 1 bn 1 2a n x n1 bn 0
We have (n-1) such equations. The total number of equations is (2n) (n 1) (3n 1) .
We can assume that the first spline is linear, that is a1 0

13

Quadratic Splines (contd)


This gives us 3n equations and 3n unknowns. Once we find the 3n constants,
we can find the function at any value of x using the splines,
f ( x) a1 x 2 b1 x c1 ,
a 2 x 2 b2 x c 2 ,

x0 x x1
x1 x x 2

.
.
.
a n x 2 bn x c n ,

14

x n 1 x x n

Quadratic Spline Example


The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function
of time. Using quadratic splines
a) Find the velocity at t=16 seconds
b) Find the acceleration at t=16 seconds
c) Find the distance covered between t=11 and t=16
seconds
Table Velocity as a
function of time

t (s)

v(t ) (m/s)

0
10
15
20
22.5
30

0
227.04
362.78
517.35
602.97
901.67
Figure. Velocity vs. time data
for the rocket example

15

Solution
v(t ) a1t b1t c1 ,
2

0 t 10

a 2 t b2 t c 2 , 10 t 15
2

a3t b3t c3 , 15 t 20
2
a 4 t b4 t c 4 , 20 t 22.5
2

a5 t b5 t c5 ,
2

16

Let us set up the


equations

22.5 t 30

Each Spline Goes Through


Two Consecutive Data
Points
2

v(t ) a1t b1t c1 , 0 t 10


a1 (0) b1 (0) c1 0
2
a1 (10) b1 (10) c1 227.04
2

17

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

Each Spline Goes Through


Two Consecutive Data
Points
2

18

v(t)

m/s

10

227.04

15

362.78

20

517.35

22.5

602.97

30

901.67

a 2 (10) b2 (10) c 2 227.04


a 2 (15) 2 b2 (15) c 2 362.78
a3 (15) b3 (15) c3 362.78
2

a3 (20) b3 (20) c3 517.35


2
a4 (20) b4 (20) c4 517.35
a4 (22.5) 2 b4 (22.5) c4 602.97
2

a5 (22.5) b5 (22.5) c5 602.97


a5 (30) 2 b5 (30) c5 901.67
2

Derivatives are Continuous


at Interior Data Points
v(t ) a1t 2 b1t c1 , 0 t 10
a 2 t b2 t c 2 ,10 t 15
2

d
2
a1t b1t c1
dt

t 10

d
2

a2t b2t c2
dt

2a1t b1 t 10 2a2t b2 t 10
2a1 10 b1 2a2 10 b2
20a1 b1 20a2 b2 0
19

t 10

Derivatives are continuous


at Interior Data Points
At t=10

2a1 (10) b1 2a2 (10) b2 0

At t=15

2a 2 (15) b2 2a3 (15) b3 0

At t=20

2a3 (20) b3 2a 4 (20) b4 0

At t=22.5

2a 4 (22.5) b4 2a5 (22.5) b5 0

20

Final Set of Equations

21

Coefficients of Spline
i
1
2
3
4
5
22

ai

bi

ci

0
22.704
0
0.8888
4.928 88.88
0.1356 35.66 141.6
1
1.6048 33.95 554.55
6
0.20889 28.86 152.1
3

Quadratic Spline
Interpolation
Part 2 of 2

23

v(t ) 22.704t ,

24

Final Solution

0 t 10

0.8888t 2 4.928t 88.88,

10 t 15

0.1356t 2 35.66t 141.61,


1.6048t 2 33.956t 554.55,

15 t 20
20 t 22.5

0.20889t 2 28.86t 152.13,

22.5 t 30

Velocity at a Particular Point


a) Velocity at t=16
0 t 10

v(t ) 22.704t ,

0.8888t 2 4.928t 88.88,

10 t 15

0.1356t 2 35.66t 141.61,


1.6048t 2 33.956t 554.55,

15 t 20
20 t 22.5

0.20889t 2 28.86t 152.13,

22.5 t 30

v16 0.135616 35.6616 141.61


394.24 m/s
2

25

Quadratic Spline Graph

t=a:2:b;

Quadratic Spline Graph

t=a:0.5:b;

INVERSE DISTANCED METHODS


Ore method of solving this problem is to use a
method based on the distance of the samples
from the block.
The most common distance weighted methods
are:
1.Inverse distance.
2.Inverse distance squared.
3.Inverse distance cubed.
The following examples show the application of
these techniques.
28

29

30

You might also like