Ionisation Energy Class

IONISATION ENERGY
OBJECTIVES
State the factors which influence the

first ionisation energy of elements
Explain how ionisation energy data
provide evidence for subshells
Derive the electronic configuration of
an element from data on sucessive
ionisation energies
BACKGROUND
Electrons can jump between shells (Bohrs

model supported by atomic spectra)
The electrons can be pushed so far that
they escape the attraction of the nucleus
Losing an electron is called ionization
An ion is an atom that has either a net
positive or net negative charge
IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization energy is the energy required to

remove one outer electron from an atom
Formal Def:
-is the energy needed to convert one mole
of its gaseous atoms into gaseous ions with a
single positive charge
M (g)
M (g) + e
FACTORS AFFECTING IONISATION

ENERGY
Ionization energy is affected by three

factors: (1) distance from the
nucleus, (2) nuclear charge, and (3)
shielding.
As the distance between the outer
electron and nucleus increases the
nuclear attraction for the outer
electron decreases and the ionization
energy decreases
NUCLEAR CHARGE
As the nuclear charge increases, the attraction

between the nucleus and the electrons
increases and it requires more energy to
remove the outermost electron and that means
there is a higher ionization energy. As you go
across the periodic table, nuclear charge is the
most important consideration. So, going across
the periodic table, there should be an increase
in ionization energy because of the increasing
nuclear charge.
SHIELDING
Going down the table, the effect of increased nuclear charge is

balanced by the effect of increased shielding, and the number of
energy levels becomes the predominant factor. With more
energy levels, the outermost electrons (the valence electrons)
are further from the nucleus and are not so strongly attracted to
the nucleus. Thus the ionization energy of the elements
decreases as you go down the periodic table because it is easier
to remove the electrons.
Another way of looking at that is that if you are trying to take
something from the first energy level, you have to take it past
the second, the third, the fourth and so on, on the way out. But if
something is already in the third or fourth energy level, it doesn't
have to be taken as far to get away from the nucleus. It is
already part way removed from the nucleus.
IONIZATION ENERGY VS. ATOMIC NUMBER

He
2500
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
Ne
2000
Ar
1500
Cl
Be
1000
O
P S
B
500
Mg Si
Al
Li
Ca
Na
0
0
10
12
Element
14
16
18
20
EVIDENCE FOR ENERGY LEVELS
EVIDENCE OF SUB-ENERGY LEVELS
With each new period the ionization energy

starts with a low value. Within each period
you will notice that the pattern is really kind
of a zigzag pattern progressing up as you go
across the periodic table. The zigs and zags
on that graph correspond to the sublevels
in the energy levels. (2 irregularities)
The 1st ionisation energy of boron is smaller
than beryllium and the 1st I.E of oxygen is
smaller than nitrogen.
EXPLANATION
It requires less energy to remove the 1st

electron from the 2p orbital in boron
than it is to remove one from the filled
2s orbital in beryllium
Be- 1s,2s
B-1s,2s,2p
Now lets look at N and O (HINT- when
electrons are paired up in an orbital, they repel one
another somewhat.)
PRACTICE
Why does the first ionisation energy of atoms generally increase across a period?
Why is the first ionisation energy of boron less than that of beryllium?
Why is the first ionisation energy of oxygen less than that of nitrogen?
Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?
Why does helium have the highest first ionisation energy of all the elements?
Why is the second ionisation energy of an atom always greater than the first?
Why is the second ionisation energy of sodium much greater than the first?
Why does atomic size decrease across a period?
Why does atomic size increase down a group?
Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms?
Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms?

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IONISATION ENERGY

State the factors which influence the

Electrons can jump between shells (Bohrs

Ionization energy is the energy required to

FACTORS AFFECTING IONISATION

Ionization energy is affected by three

As the nuclear charge increases, the attraction

Going down the table, the effect of increased nuclear charge is

IONIZATION ENERGY VS. ATOMIC NUMBER

EVIDENCE FOR ENERGY LEVELS

EVIDENCE OF SUB-ENERGY LEVELS

With each new period the ionization energy

It requires less energy to remove the 1st

Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?

Why does atomic size decrease across a period?

Why does atomic size increase down a group?

Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms?

Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms?

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