Review Anatomi

Fisiologi Sistem
Persarafan
Emmy E S
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Saraf
R S Tk II dr.Soepraoen
Malang

Simple Organization of The

Nervous System

The Division of Brain

Complex Organization of The

Nervous System

Fisiologi:
_Susunan saraf somatik:
Mensarafi struktur-struktur dinding
tubuh (otot, kulit, membrana mukosa).

Susunan saraf otonom:

Mengotrol aktifitas otot-otot dan
kelenjar-kelenjar bagian dalam tubuh
(visera) serta pembuluh darah.

Cerebrum & Cerebellum

(lateral view)

Cerebrum &
Cerebellum

( sagittal section)

Brainstem

Pembagian Sistem Saraf Manusia

- Anatomi: Susunan Saraf Tepi
(SST)

Saraf-saraf Kranial (gambar 3):

N. Olfaktorius (I). N. Fasialis (VII).

N. Optikus (II).
N. Vestibulokokhlearis
(VIII).
N. Okulomotorius (III). N. Glosofaringeus (IX).
N. Trokhlearis (IV). N. Vargus (X).
N. Trigeminus (V). N. Asesorius (XI).
N. Abdusens (VI). N. Hipoglosus (XII)

Saraf-saraf Spinal (gambar 4).

Pembagian Sistem Saraf Manusia

- SST: Saraf-Saraf Kranial -

Gambar 3

Pembagian Sistem Saraf Manusia

- Anatomi: Susunan Saraf Tepi (SST)
-

Saraf-saraf Kranial (gambar 3).

Saraf-saraf Spinal (gambar 4):

Servikal
Torakal
Lumbal
Sakral
Koksigeal

(8 pasang).
(12 pasang).
(5 pasang).
(5 pasang).
(1 pasang).

Pembagian Sistem Saraf Manusia

- SST: Saraf-Saraf Spinal -

Susunan Saraf Pusat (SSP)

SSP

dilindungi oleh:
Tulang (kranium dan
vertebrae).
Selaput otak (meningen).
Ruang subaraknoid yang
berisi cairan (likwor)
serebrospinalis.

1.
2.
3.

Selaput otak (meningen )

terdiri dari:
Duramater (pakimening)
Araknoidmater
Leptomening
Piamater

Duramater
Arachnoid
Piamater

2 layers

Piamater

Arachnoid

1 layer

Duramate
r

Extradural Space ( Potential Space ) :

Between Periost and Duramater Epidural

Between Duramater and Arachnoidmater Subdural
Become a fluid-filled actual space when a traumatic event
results in a vascular hemorrhage bleeding into this
space :

Rupture of A.meningealis
A torn dural venous sinus Epidural hematoma
Bleeding due to the tearning of a vein as it enters sinus
duramater Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid space :

Between Arachnoidmater and Piamater

Filled with the LCS to nourish the brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid bleeding due to the rupture of Arteria or
Vena of the brain bloody LCS

Skin

Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Connective
Tissue
Periost

EPIDURAL
SPACE

DURAMATER
SUBDURAL
SPACE

BRAIN

ARACHNOIDMATER
SUBARACHNOID
SPACE

Bony Layers
Membranous
Layers
Resume
(Meninges)

PIAMATER

of Coverings of the Brain

( Incl. Spaces between )

SISTEM VENTRIKEL
LIKWOR
SEREBROSPINALIS

Terdapat

4 rongga/kavitas dalam otak::

- 2 ventrikel lateralis I II
- 1 ventrikel III
- 1 ventrikel IV
Likwor serebrospinalis diproduksi di :
Pleksus Koroideus

Pleksus koroideus (ventrikel I-II)

Foramen interventrikularis Monro
Ventrikel III
Akwaduktus Sylvii
Ventrikel IV
Foramen Magendi (Medial)
Foramen Luschka (Lateral)
Ruang Subaraknoid
Absorbsi vili khoroidalis
Pembuluh darah vena
- Produksi+Absorbsi:400
500ml/hari(20-24ml/hr)
Sinus venosus
-Eksresi residu 150 ml

VASKULARISASI
Otak:
-2 pasang A.Carotis:
A.Cerebri Media
A.Cerebri Anterior
- 1 pasang A. Vertebralis:
A.C Posterior
A.Basilaris

Medula spinalis
A.Vertebralis

Pleksus venosus V.Cava

Circle of Willis

Cerebral
Anterior,
Middle, and
Posterior
Arteries

Dural Venous Sinuses ( Sinus

Duraemater )
View is with the skull cap removed
and the cranial cavity exposed.
A. Sphenoparietal
B. Intercavernous
C. Sigmoid
D. Occipital
E. Confluence
F. Basilar
G. Transverse
H. Superior Petrosal
I. Inferior Petrosal
J. Cavernous
K. Superior Sagittal

Sinus Duramater
( Blood Venous
Sinuses )

A. Superior Sagittal Sinus

B. Great Cerebral Vein
C. Ophthalmic Veins
D. Facial Vein
E. Cavernous Sinus
F. Inferior Petrosal Sinus
G. Jugular Vein
H. Sigmoid Sinus
I. Superior Petrosal Sinus
J. Transverse Sinus
K. Straight Sinus
L. Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Sinus
Cavernosus

The Cavernous Sinuses

A. Carotid Artery
B. Trochlear Nerve
C. Maxillary Nerve
D. Abducens Nerve
E. Sphenoid Sinus
F. Pituitary Gland
G. Cavernous Sinus
H. Ophthalmic Nerve
I. Oculomotor Nerve

CEREBRUM
Terdiri dari dua hemisfer (kiri dan kanan )
Dihubungkan oleh Corpus Callosum
Terbentuk dari:
-Telencefalon/korteks lobus :
frontalis ,temporalis ,parietalis ,oksipitalis
-Diensefalon/subkorteks
-Thalamus
-Basal Ganglia :
nukleus kaudatus ,putamen ,globus palidus

Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is a
structure
within the brain that plays a
key role in memory, attention,
perceptual awareness, thought,
language,

Cerebral
cortex

Cortex Cerebri
Gyrus Precentralis
Subcortex

Area Broadman 4 Betz Cell)

Corona radiata
Capsula Interna

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Middle part of Pedunculus Cerebri

Pes Pontis
Decussatio Pyramidum
70-80% crossing

Medulla spinalis

Lower Motor neuron

Funiculus Lateralis
Cornu anterior
Nervi Spinalis

10-30% no crossin
Fun.ventralis

CEREBELLUM

1.
2.
3.
4.

Terdiri dari dua hemisfer kanan dan kiri

Dihubungkan oleh Vermis
Fungsi Cerebellum:
Koordinasi gerakan volunter
Keseimbangan dan sikap tubuh
Tonus otot
Mekanisme memori dan learning
Terbentuk dari 3 lobus :
-Lobus.Anterior (Paleoserebelum): tonus otot
-Lobus Posterior (Neoserebelum): Koordinasi
gerakan
-Lobus Flokulonodularis: Keseimbangan dan
sikap tubuh,tonus otot

Brainstem &
Cerbellum

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata

Cerebellum

Brainstem :

Medulla Oblongata
Nc. Gracilis
Nc. Cuneatus
BC

BP

Pons :
Nc. Pontis
Mesencephalon :
Nc. ruber
Kiri-kanan midline :
Formatio reticularis

CR

MO

Cerebellum :

Substantia Grisea :
Sel Purkinje
BC : Brachium Conjunctivum
BP : Brachium Pontis
CR : Corpora restiforme

Substantia alba :
Nc.dentatus

The Function of Cerebellum

The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of

voluntary
motor movement, balance and equilibrium and
Plays an important role in the integration of sensory
muscle tone.
perception,
coordination

The Function fo
Brainstem
1. Mesencephalon :
N.III
2. MesencephalonPons : N.IV
3. Pons : N V,VI,VII,
VIII
4. Medulla Oblongata :
IX,X,XI
5. C1-Spinal Cord : N.
XI

Bulbus / Nuclei of the Cranial

Nerves
Nc. Edinger Westphal III

N. Oculomotorius
III

N. Trochlearis IV

N. Trigeminus V

N. Facialis VII
N. Vestibulocochlearis VIII
Nc. Salivatorius Sup & Inf )
VII - IX

N. Abducens VI
N. Glossopharyngeus IX

Nc. Tractus Solitarius IX

Nc. Dorsalis Vagi X

N. Hipoglossus XII
N. Vagus X
N. Accessorius
XI

Nc. Ambiquus X

MEDULA SPINALIS

Bagian SSP, bentuk silinder memanjang, dalam

kanalis spinalis ,dibungkus oleh meningen
UJung kaudal setinggi Corpus V Lumbalis II
Kauda Ekuina :
Radiks saraf lumbalis bag bawah dan Radiks
saraf sakralis Bentuk seperti ekor kuda
Penampang transversal
Bag tengah spt kupu2 warna abu2/ Sub Gricea
Bag tepi substansia Alba

The Spinal Cord

Starts as the continuation
of Medulla Oblongata
Ends as Conus Medullaris at
the level of L1-L2
Fixed to the os coccygealis
by Filum terminalis
Has 2 enlargements
( cervical and lumbosacral )

The Spinal Cord ( and parts )

1. White Substance
( Substantia Alba )
Lateral column
Lateral funiculus )
Anterior column
Anterior funiculus
Posterior column
Posterior funuculus
2. Grey Substance
( Substantia Grisea )
Anterior Horn /
Cornu
Lateral Horn /
Cornu
Posterior Horn /
Cornu

SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE OF
THE SPINAL CORD

Spinal Nerves
arise
from the Cord

1.Tractus Ascendens ( Sensory Pathways )

Pain & Temperature:

Discriminative,Propriocetive, Kinestetic Touch:

Tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis

Tractus spinocerebellaris ventralis

Light Touch :

Fasciculus Gracilis ( Goll )

Fasciculus cuneatus ( Burdach )

Proprioceptive touch, tactile, to cerebellum :

Tractus dorsolateralis Lissauer

Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis

Tractus spinothalamicus ventralis

Visceral Pain :

Systema visceralis ascendens secunda

2. Tractus descendens ( Motoric pathways )

Tractus Pyramidalis :
1. Tractus corticospinalis
2. Tractus corticobulbaris

Tractus Extrapyramidalis :
1. Tractus reticulospinalis
2. Tractus rubrospinalis
3. Tractus tectspinalis
4. Tractus vestibulospinalis
5. Tractus olivospinalis

3. Tractus Intersegmentalis
Fasciculus Proprius

Nc. dorsalisClarke

Columna lateralis
Cornu Anterior

Neuron sensorik
Neuron motorik

Medulla Oblongata :
Nc. Gracilis
nc. Cuneatus
Columna / Fun. Dorsalis :
Fun.Cuneatus / Burdach
Fun. Gracilis / Goll
Tractus sensorik
N. Spinalis sensorik

Columna /
Fun. lateralis

Nc.dorsalis Clarke
Columna /
Fun anterior

SARAF-SARAF SPINAL

1.
2.
3.

Terdiri dari 3 bagian utama

Radiks spinalis
Pleksus
Saraf tepi
Distribusi segmental(radikuler) komponen
sensorik
dari setiap saraf spinal pd kulit disebut
Dermatom.
Pola inervasi kulit ini hapir sama dgn distribusi
(segmental) komponen motoriknya pada otot

SENSORY CENTER

MOTOR CENTER

CNS
Neuron afferens / sensoric
Receptor

PNS

Neuron efferens / motoric

PNS

Effector

1
Periphere /The Body

Periphere /The Body

1
1
1

Simple Reflex / Involuntary Movement

Complex Reflex/ Involuntary
Voluntary Movement

PNS
Visceral
Receptors
Special Senses
Body Organs
Visceral
Receptors
Special Senses
Body Organs

CNS
CEREBRU
M
Cortex
Subcortex

Cra
ni
al
Ne
rv e
s

Sen
sor
i

cn
eur
o ne
s
Moto
ric n
euro
nes

BRAINSTEM
Peripheral
Receptors
Striated
Muscles
Submucous
Skin
Peripheral
Effectors
Striated
Muscles
Submucous
Skin

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata

Per
her ip
N e al
r ve
s

BRAIN

CEREBELLU
M
Cortex
Subcortex

Sensoric

neurones

ones
r
u
e
n
c
Motori

SPINAL
CORD

Receptor:
Exoreceptor Skin
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Tactile
Enteroceptor Mucous Membrane
Proprioceptor Muscle
Effector :
End organ Viscera
Motor end-plate Muscle
Nervus :
sensoric/ afferens
Motoric/efferens
Tractus :
sensoric/ ascending
Motoric / descending
Ganglion & Nucleus

Reseptor
Nervus
Aferen
CNS
Ganglion
Nucleus

Tractus

Nervus
eferen
Efektor

Subcortex :

Basal Ganglia
Thalamus

NUCLEUS
SUBCORTICALIS :
1. Ganglia Basalis :
Corpus striatum:
Nc. Lentiformis :
Putamen
Globus
Pallidus
Nc. Caudatus
Corpora amygdalae

Cortex Cerebri

Medulla
C

P
A

Ganglia
Basalis
D

2. Thalamus :
Nc. Thalamicus

Thalamus

TRACTUS :

P : Projection Pathway
A : Association Pathway

Basal Ganglia
Function:
Controls Cognition
Movement Coordination
Voluntary Movement
Location:
The basal ganglia is located deep within
the cerebral hemispheres in the
telencephalon region of the brain.
It consists of : 1. Putamen, 2. Nucleus caudatus
3. Globus Pallidus, and 4. Thalamus

Limbic System
The Center for Emotion
The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of
brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala,
anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex,

Basal Ganglia Brainstem -Cerebellum Spinal Cord

Thalamus
form most of the lateral walls of the
third ventricle. It plays an integral
part in relaying sensory information
from the sense organs to the
cerebral cortex

TERIMA

KASIH