CE 551

Finite Element Analysis

CE 551 - Introduction

Review Topics
Linear Algebra
Matrix Operations
Basic Elasticity

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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Algebra
A matrix is an m x n array of numbers
arranged in m rows and n columns.
m = n A square matrix.
m = 1 A row matrix.
n = 1 A column matrix.
Element of matrix a row i,
aij
column j
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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
Multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar.
[a] = k [c]

aij = kcij

Addition of matrices.
Matrices must be of same order (m x n)
Add them term by term
[c] = [a] +[b]
cij = aij + bij
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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operation
Multiplication of two matrices
If [a] is m x n then [b] must have n
rows
[c] = [a] [b]
n

cij a iebej
e 1

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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
Transpose of a matrix:
Interchange of rows and columns

aij a ji

If [a] is m x n then [a]T is n x m

If [a] = [a]T then [a] is symmetric.

CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
The identity matrix (or unit matrix)
is denoted by the symbol [I]:
[a][I] = [I][a] = [a]

1 0 0

I 0 1 0
0 0 1
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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
The inverse of a matrix is such
that:

a a

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[I]

CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
Differentiating a matrix:

da ij
d
a

dx
dx

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CE 551 - Introduction

Matrix Operations
Differentiating a matrix:
a11
1
U [x y]
2
a 21
U
x
a11 a12

a 21 a 22
U
y
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a12 x

a 22 y
x

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10

Matrix Operations
Integrating a matrix.

[a]dx

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a
dx
ij

CE 551 - Introduction

11

Finding the Inverse of a

a determinant of matrix

[a]

Need to find the co-factors of [a]

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CE 551 - Introduction

12

Cofactors
Cofactors of [aij] are given by:
Cij ( 1)i j d
where matrix d is the first minor
of aij
and is matrix a
with row i and column j deleted.

Then : [a ij ]1 C

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CE 551 - Introduction

13

Review of Elasticity
Equations
Linear, homogeneous,
isotropic material behavior.

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CE 551 - Introduction

14

Stress Equilibrium Equations

Xb 0
x
y
z
xy y yz

Yb 0
x
y
z
xz yz z

Zb 0
x
y
z
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CE 551 - Introduction

15

Strain Displacement
u
x
x
v
y
y

u v
xy

y x
u w
xz

z x

w
w v
z
yz

z
y z
(u,v,w) are the x, y and z
components of displacement
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CE 551 - Introduction

16

Stress-Strain Relationships
1
1

x


y

0
E
z

xy 1 1 2

0
yz

zx

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0
0
0

0
0
0
1 0
0
0

1 2
0
0
0

1 2
0
0
0

2
1 2
0
0
0

2
0

CE 551 - Introduction

xy

yz

zx
17

3D Stress-Strain Matrix

1
1

0
E
D 1 1 2

0
0
1 2
2

0
0

0
0
0

1 2
2

E
Note : G
2 1
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CE 551 - Introduction

1 2

18

Plane Stress Matrix

E
D 1

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1
0 0

CE 551 - Introduction

19

Plane Strain Matrix

1 1 2
0

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CE 551 - Introduction

1
0

0
1 2

2
20

Sets of Linear Algebraic

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CE 551 - Introduction

21

Cramers Rule

a {x} {c}

or in index notation:
n

a
j 1

ij

x j ci

Let matrix [d ( i ) ] be matrix [a]

d( i )
a

CE 551 - Introduction

22

Example:
Consider the following equations:
x1 3x 2 2x 3 2
2x1 4x 2 2x 3 1
4x 2 x 3 3

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CE 551 - Introduction

23

Example:
In matrix form :
1

0
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2 x 1
2

4 2 x2 1

3
4
1 x 3
3

CE 551 - Introduction

24

Solving:
2

x1

d( 1 )

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1 4

41

4.1
2 10

CE 551 - Introduction

25

1 2 2
2

0
x2

1
a

3
3

1
1.1
2

d( 2)

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CE 551 - Introduction

26

1
2
d( 3)

0
x3

1
a

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4 1
4 3
1.4
3 2

CE 551 - Introduction

27

Inversion

a x c
1
1
a a x a c
1
I x a c
1
x a c
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CE 551 - Introduction

28

Example
1

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2 x 1
2

4 2 x2 1

3
4
1 x 3
3

CE 551 - Introduction

29

Example

x1

0.2 2
4.1

0.2
0.1 0.2 1 1.1

1.4
0.8 0.4 0.2 3

x2

x 3

1.2

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1.1

CE 551 - Introduction

30

1
2
x3

(3)

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4 1
4

CE 551 - Introduction

1.4

31

Gaussian Elimination
General System of n equations with n unknowns:

a 11

a 12

a 21

a 22

a n 1

an2

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a1n x 1
c1

a 2 n x 2
c 2

c n
a nn x n
CE 551 - Introduction

32

Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x1 in
every equation except the first one.
Select a11 as the pivot element.

Add the multiple -a21/ a11 of the first

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CE 551 - Introduction

33

After this Step:

a 12

a 22

a n 2

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a1n x 1
c1

a 2 n x 2
c 2

c n
a nn x n
CE 551 - Introduction

34

Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x2 in
every equation below the second
one. Select a22 as the pivot element.

Add the multiple -a 32/ a 22 of the

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CE 551 - Introduction

35

After This Step:

a 12

a 13

a 22

a 23

a 33

a n 3

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a1n

x1
c1
a 2 n

x 2
c 2
a 3 n

x n
c n
a nn

CE 551 - Introduction

36

Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Repeat the process for the
remaining rows until we have a
triangularized system of equation.
a12
a22
0

a13
a23

a33

a11
0

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a14
a24

a34

a44

x1
c1
x
c
2
2
x3
c3

c4
x4

n 1
n 1
a nn x n
cn

a1n
a2n
a3n
a4n

CE 551 - Introduction

37

Solve Using Backsubstitution

n 1
cn
n 1
a nn

1
xi
a ii
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n
a

1, n 1 a ir x r

r i 1

CE 551 - Introduction

38

Example
2 2 1 x1
9
2 1 0 x 4

2
6
1 1 1 x 3

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CE 551 - Introduction

39

 Eliminate the coefficient of x1 in

Add the
the first
Add the
the first

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multiple -a21/ a11 = -2/2 = -1 of

CE 551 - Introduction

40

Step 1
1
2 2
0 1 1

0
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0.5

x1
9

x 2 5
x
1.5
3

CE 551 - Introduction

41

Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x2 in
every equation below the second
one. Select a22 as the pivot
element. (Already done in this
example.)

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CE 551 - Introduction

42

Step 2
1
2 2
0 1 1

0
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0.5

x1
9

x 2 5
x
1.5
3

CE 551 - Introduction

43

Solve Using Backsubstitution

c3
x3
2 3
1

a33
2

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x2

5 3

x2

9 2( 2) 3

CE 551 - Introduction

44

Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Write equations in form :
1
c1 a12 x 2 a13 x 3 a1n xn
x1
a11
1
c 2 a 21x1 a 23 x 3 a 2n xn
x2
a 22

1
c n a n 1 x 1 a n 2 x 2 a n .n 1 x n 1
xn
a nn
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CE 551 - Introduction

45

Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Assume a set of initial values for
unknowns. Substitute into RHS of first
equation. Solve for new value of x 1
Use new value of x1and assumed values
of other xs to solve for x2 in second
equation.
Continue till new values of all variables
are obtained.
Iterate until convergence.
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CE 551 - Introduction

46

Example
4x1 x 2

x1 4x 2 x 3

x 2 4x 3 x 4

x 3 2x 4 6
x1 1

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x2 1

x3 1

CE 551 - Introduction

x 4 1
47

Example
x1 1
x2 1
x3 1
x4 1

2 x 2 1 2 1 3
4
4
4

5 x1 x 3 1 5 3 1 1.68
4
4
4

6 x 2 x 4 1 6 1.68 1 1.672
4
4

2 x 3 1 2 1.67 0.16
2
2

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48

Example
x1 1
x2 1
x3 1
x4 1

2 x 2 1 2 1.68 0.922
4
4

5 x1 x 3 1 5 0.922 1.672 1.899

6 x 2 x 4 1 6 1.899 0.16 1.944

2 x 3 1 2 1.944 0.0.28
2
2

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Iteration x1

0
1
2
3
4
Exact
4

0.5
0.75
0.922
0.975
0.988
1.0

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x2
1.0
1.68
1.899
1.979
1.9945
2.0

x3
1.0
1.672
1.944
1.988
1.9983
2.0

CE 551 - Introduction

x4
-1.0
-0.16
-0.028
-0.006
-0.0008
0.0

50