Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

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Woods
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Necessity of image enhancement

Spatial domain operations
Point processing
Histogram based techniques
Mask processing

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

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Chapter 3

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Processing an image to enhance certain

features of the image
Result more suitable for specific applications
Processing techniques are problem oriented
Best technique for enhancement of X-ray may not
be the best technique for other applications

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

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Woods
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Enhancement techniques fall under two broad

categories:
Spatial Domain techniques
Work on image plane itself
Direct manipulations of pixels in an image

Frequency Domain techniques

Modify fourier transform coefficients of an image
Take inverse fourier transform
19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Spatial transformation represented by:

g(x,y)= T [f(x,y)]
Where f(x,y) is the original image
g(x,y) is the enhanced or transformed
image.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Point processing:
s= T(r)
Where r is the intensity value of original pixel
s is the modified value of the enhanced
pixel.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Gray level transformations:

Image negatives
Log transformations
Power law transformations

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Image Negatives:
s=L-1-r

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Log transformations:
s= c log(1+r)
Application:
Dynamic range compression

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Power-Law transformation:
S=c(r power )

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Gamma correction

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Piece-wise Linear transformation functions:

Contrast Stretching
Gray-level slicing
Bit-plane slicing

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Contrast Stretching:
Requirement:
Poor illumination
Lack of dynamic range in image sensor
Wrong setting of lens aperture

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

r1=s1 and r2=s2

r1=r2,s1=0 and s2=L-1

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Gray-level slicing

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Bit-plane slicing:

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Histogram Processing:
What is Histogram?
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Specification

Image subtraction
Image averaging

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Histogram:
Assume gray level values of image between 0 to L1
r(k) denotes kth intensity level
h[r(k)]=n(k)
n(k) denotes number of pixels with intensity level
r(k)

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Normalized histogram:
p[r(k)]=n(k)/n

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
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www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

Histogram equalization:
r represents gray level in an image
Intensity values are normalized between 0 and 1
0 denotes black and 1 denotes white
Transformation function is defined as
s=T(r)
T(r) should be single valued and monotonically
increasing in the interval 0 to 1
T(r) should lie between 0and 1 for r between 0 and 1
19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
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Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

ps(s)=pr(r)|dr/ds|
r=T-1(s) for 0s1
s= T(r)= pr(w)dw for integral between 0 to r

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Chapter 3

Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods