COMPASS SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION
Chain surveying can be used when the
area to be surveyed is comparatively is
small and is fairly flat.
But when the area is large , undulating
and crowded with many details ,
triangulation(which is the principle of
chain survey) is not possible.
In such an area , the method of surveying
is used.
Traversing
In traversing , the frame work consist of
connected lines.
The length are measured by a chain or a
tape and the direction measured by angle
measuring instruments.
Hence in compass surveying direction of
survey lines are determined with a
compass and the length of the lines are
measured with a tape or a chain. This
process is known as compass traversing.
Principle of compass
surveying
The principle of compass surveying is traversing;
which involves a series of connected lines.
The magnetic bearing of the lines are measured by
prismatic compass.
Compass surveying is recommended when the
area is large, undulating and crowded with many
details.
Compass surveying is not recommended for areas
where local attraction is suspected due to the
presence of magnetic substances like steel
structures, iron ore deposits, electric cables , and
so on.
Compass
A compass is a small instrument
essentially consisting of a graduated
circle, and a line of sight.
The compass can not measures angle
between two lines directly but can
measure angle of a line with reference
to magnetic meridian at the instrument
station point is called magnetic bearing
of a line.
Types of compass
There are two types of magnetic
compass they are as follows:The prismatic compass
PRI
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Elements of prismatic
compass
Cylindrical metal box: Cylindrical metal box is having diameter of 8to 12 cm. It protects the
compass and forms entire casing or body of the compass. It protect compass from dust, rain etc.
Pivot: pivot is provided at the center of the compass and supports freely suspended magnetic
needle over it.
lifting pin and lifting lever: a lifting pin is provided just below the sight vane. When the sight
vane is folded, it presses the lifting pin. The lifting pin with the help of lifting lever then lifts the
magnetic needle out of pivot point to prevent damage to the pivot head.
Magnetic needle: Magnetic needle is the heart of the instrument. This needle measures angle
of a line from magnetic meridian as the needle always remains pointed towards north south pole
at two ends of the needle when freely suspended on any support.
Graduated circle or ring: This is an aluminum graduated ring marked with 0 to 360 to
measures all possible bearings of lines, and attached with the magnetic needle. The ring is
graduated to half a degree.
Prism : prism is used to read graduations on ring and to take exact reading by compass. It is
placed exactly opposite to object vane. The prism hole is protected by prism cap to protect it
from dust and moisture.
Object vane: object vane is diametrically opposite to the prism
and eye vane. The object vane is carrying a horse hair or black
thin wire to sight object in line with eye sight.
Eye vane: Eye vane is a fine slit provided with the eye hole at
bottom to bisect the object from slit.
Glass cover: its covers the instrument box from the top such
that needle and graduated ring is seen from the top.
Sun glasses: These are used when some luminous objects are
to be bisected.
Reflecting mirror: It is used to get image of an object located
above or below the instrument level while bisection. It is placed
on the object vane.
Spring brake or brake pin: to damp the oscillation of the
needle before taking a reading and to bring it to rest quickly, the
light spring brake attached to the box is brought in contact with
the edge of the ring by gently pressing inward the brake pin
Temporary adjustment of
prismatic compass
The following procedure should be adopted after fixing the prismatic
compass on the tripod for measuring the bearing of a line.
Centering : Centering is the operation in which compass is kept exactly
over the station from where the bearing is to be determined. The
centering is checked by dropping a small pebble from the underside of
the compass. If the pebble falls on the top of the peg then the centering
is correct, if not then the centering is corrected by adjusting the legs of
the tripod.
Leveling : Leveling of the compass is done with the aim to freely swing
the graduated circular ring of the prismatic compass. The ball and socket
arrangement on the tripod will help to achieve a proper level of the
compass. This can be checked by rolling round pencil on glass cover.
Focusing : the prism is moved up or down in its slide till the graduations
on the aluminum ring are seen clear, sharp and perfect focus. The
position of the prism will depend upon the vision of the observer.
Observing Bearing of Line
NORTH
Consider a line AB of
which the magnetic
bearing is to be taken.
By fixing the ranging
rod at station B we get
the magnetic bearing
of needle wrt north
pole.
The enlarged portion
gives actual pattern of
graduations marked
on ring.
OBJECT B
180
90
LINE OF
SIGHT
270
0
SOUTH
The Surveyor`s Compass
It is similar to a prismatic compass
except that it has a only plain eye slit
instead of eye slit with prism and eye
hole.
This compass is having pointed needle
in place of broad form needle as in
case of prismatic compass.
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Working of Surveyor`s
Compass
1) Centering
2) LEVELING
3) OBSERVING THE BEARING OF A LINE
First two observation are same as prismatic
compass but third observation differs from that.
3) OBSERVING THE BEARING OF A LINE : in this
compass ,the reading is taken from the top of
glass and under the tip of north end of the
magnetic needle directly. No prism is provided
here.
BEARINGS
The bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with a
reference line(meridian).
Depending upon the meridian , there are four type of bearings they are
as follows:
1) True Bearing: The true bearing of a line is the horizontal angle
between the true meridian and the survey line. The true bearing is
measured from the true north in the clockwise direction.
2) Magnetic Bearing: the magnetic bearing of a line is the horizontal
angle which the line makes with the magnetic north.
3) Grid Bearing: The grid bearing of a line is the horizontal angle
which the line makes with the grid meridian.
4) Arbitrary Bearing: The arbitrary baring of a line is the horizontal
angle which the line makes with the arbitrary meridian.
BEARINGS
MN
MAGNETIC
MERIDIAN
TN
TRUE
MERIDIAN
MAGNETIC
BEARING
B
A
TRUE BEARING
Designation of bearing
The bearing are designated in the
following two system:1) Whole Circle Bearing System.(W.C.B)
2) Quadrantal Bearing System.(Q.B)
Whole circle bearing
system(W.C.B.)
The bearing of a line measured with
respect to magnetic meridian in
clockwise direction is called magnetic
bearing and its value varies between 0
to 360.
The quadrant start from north an
progress in a clockwise direction as the
first quadrant is 0 to 90 in clockwise
direction , 2nd 90 to 180 , 3rd 180 to
270, and up to 360 is 4th one.
WH
OL
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CIR
CLE
BE
ARI
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Quadrantal bearing
system(Q.B.)
In this system, the bearing of survey
lines are measured wrt to north line or
south line which ever is the nearest to
the given survey line and either in
clockwise direction or in anti clockwise
direction.
QU
AD
RA
NT
AL
BE
ARI
NG
Reduced bearing (R.B)
When the whole circle bearing is
converted into Quadrantal bearing , it
is termed as REDUCED BEARING.
Thus , the reduced bearing is similar to
the Quadrantal bearing.
Its values lies between 0 to 90, but
the quadrant should be mentioned for
proper designation.
The following table should be remembered for
conversion of WCB to RB.
W.C.B OF
ANY LINE
QUADRANT
IN WHICH IT
LIES
RULES FOR
QUADRANT
CONVERSION
0 TO 90
RB=WCB
N-E
90 TO 180
II
RB=180-WCB
S-E
180 TO 270
III
RB =WCB180
S-W
270 TO 360
IV
RB=360 WCB
N-W
Fore bearing and Back
bearing
The bearing of a line measured in the
forward direction of the survey lines is
called the fore bearing(F.B.) of that
line.
The bearing of a line measured in
direction backward to the direction of
the progress of survey is called the
back bearing(B.B.) of the line.
NORTH
FB of AB = 1(from A to B)
BB of AB= 2(from B to A)
NORTH
B
RE G)
O
(F RIN
A
BE ACK G)
(B RIN
A
BE
FB of line
AB
BB of line
AB
Remembering following points:
1) In the WCB system ,the
differences b/n the FB and BB
should be exactly 180.
Remember the following
relation :
BB=FB+/-180
+ is applied when FB is <180
- is applied when BB is >180
2) In the reduced bearing system
the FB and BB are numerically
equal but the quadrants are
just opposite.
Computation of Angles
Observing the bearing of the lines
of a closed traverse, it is possible
to calculate the included angles, A
which can be used for plotting the
traverse.
At the station where two survey
lines meet, two angles are
formed-an exterior angles and an
interior angles. The interior angles
or included angle is generally the
smaller angles(<180).
EXAMPLES
M
E
A
BB
F
B
EXTERIOR ANGLE
B
B FB
/_A
B
B
B
INCLUDED
ANGLE
AT STATION A,FB of AB and BB of EB
were measured. Difference of these
two bearing give interior angle A.
Angle A =FB OF AB BB OF EA
AT STATION B ,FB of BB OF AB were
measured . Difference of these two
bearing will give you exterior angle
B.
EXTERIOR ANGLE B=BB OF AB-FB OF
BC
INTERIOR ANGLE B=360-EXTERIOR
ANGLE
Meridian
Bearing of a line is always measured clockwise wrt some reference line or
direction. This fixed line is known as meridian.
There three types of meridian:
1) Magnetic meridian: The direction shown by a freely suspended needle
which is magnetized and balanced properly without influenced by any other
factors is known as magnetic meridian.
2) True meridian : True meridian is the line which passes through the true
north and south. The direction of true meridian at any point can be determined
by either observing the bearing of the sun at 12 noon or by suns shadow.
3) Arbitrary meridian: In case of small works or in places where true
meridian or magnetic meridian cannot be determined, then ,any direction of a
prominent object is taken as a reference direction called as arbitrary meridian.
