References

REFERENCES
Materials Science and Engineering

By Prof. V. Raghavan
Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004
ONLINE
http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_en/overview_main.html
Lecture 1
Types of materials
Structure-property relationship in
engineering materials
Introduction
Common types of materials

Where does materials science and engineering lies in
broad scheme of things
Important goal of materials science

What determines the properties of materials?
METALS
ALLOYS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
Common types of materials : examples

Metals and alloys ;
A Metal is a material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and
ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity .
Cu, Fe, Ni
An alloy is a heterogeneous mixture of two metals or a mixture of a metal and
another element. Eg Brass (Zinc and copper)
Purpose of making alloys is to increase the strength, tensile , mechanical etc.
or certain desired characteristic of materials
Based on electrical conduction
Conductors :Cu
Semiconductors :Si , Ge
Insulators: wood
Based on ductility
Ductile: Metals and alloys
Brittle: Ceramics, glasses
Ceramics : Usually oxides

Ceramics are classified as inorganic and nonmetallic materials that are essential to our daily lifestyle
This category of materials includes things like tile, bricks, plates, glass
Typically, demonstrate excellent strength and hardness properties; however, they are often brittle in nature.
Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and shaping
them into desired forms
They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in other materials subjected to acidic or caustic environments.
Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures
Polymers
is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

Polythene
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such
as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function
Unlike metals and ceramics, polymers don't require finishing to look good and
last for a long time. Polymers such as plastic can be easily formed to make
almost any imaginable shape and they are normally durable. However, many
polymers cannot take exposure to extreme temperatures and don't always hold
their shape in water.Low denisty
UNIVERSE
HYPERBOLIC
EUCLIDEAN
SPHERICAL
STRONG
WEAK
ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
SPACE
GRAVITY
nD + t
FIELDS
PARTICLES
METAL
SEMI-METAL
BAND STRUCTURE
NON-ATOMIC
ATOMIC
SEMI-CONDUCTOR
INSULATOR
STATE / VISCOSITY
GAS
SOLID
LIQUID
CRYSTALS
LIQUID
STRUCTURE
AMORPHOUS
QUASICRYSTALS
RATIONAL
APPROXIMANTS
CRYSTALS
SIZE
NANO-QUASICRYSTALS
NANOCRYSTALS
Common type of materials

Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Hybrid Composites
Now, let us start with a common perspective like the common perspective of
engineering materials, that what kind of materials have we got from which actually,
we can go on to make certain components.
we have metals, ceramics, polymers, and more importantly we can make
composites out of these, in fact, the composite is a combination of one or more
material, two or more materials, which gives a certain benefits.
ceramics are more resistant to harsh environments as compared to metals,
metals as you know for since even iron and steel are very prone corrosion. While,
ceramics which are in the typically could be oxides or sulphides are more tolerant
to very many different kinds of environment including oxidization.
What determines the properties of these materials???

Composition
Phases present and their distribution
Defect structure in the phases and in between the phases
Residual stress
Note : all these factors act mutual to determine the properties

of the materials
The Materials Tetrahedron

Material scientist has to consider the fours intertwined concepts shown schematically
When a performance is expected from a material
The material tetrahedron is formed by 4 parameters the performance, the structure

the properties and the processing this course as you were aware deals with the
structure in detail.
Structure
Properties
Performance
Processing
METALLURGY
Science of Metallurgy
PHYSICAL
Structure
Physical
Properties
MECHANICAL
Deformation
Behaviour
ELECTROCHEMICAL
Chemistry
Corrosion
TECHNOLOGICAL
Extractive
Casting
Metal Forming
Welding
Powder Metallurgy
Machining
Levels of structure
Macrostructure: It is examined with the naked eyes or under a low magnification.

The external appearance can be viewed easily
Microstructure: it refers to the structure as observed under the optical
microscope with resolution down to 0.1 um
Substructure : Structure obtained by using microscope with resolution
higher than the optical microscope like TEM or SEM
Crystal structure : It tells about the detailed atomic arraignment within the crystal
XRD is used for this
Electronic structure: It refers to the elections present in the outermost orbitals of
the individual atoms

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REFERENCES

Materials Science and Engineering

Common types of materials

Important goal of materials science

Common types of materials : examples

Ceramics : Usually oxides

is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

Common type of materials

What determines the properties of these materials???

Defect structure in the phases and in between the phases

Note : all these factors act mutual to determine the properties

The Materials Tetrahedron

The material tetrahedron is formed by 4 parameters the performance, the structure

Macrostructure: It is examined with the naked eyes or under a low magnification.

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