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    History of Computers DBS

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    The document traces the history of computing from early counting methods like fingers and pebbles, through the development of mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine, to modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's conceptualization of programmable computers in the 19th century, Alan Turing's formulation of the Turing machine and concept of a stored program in the 1930s/40s, and the creation of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers in the 1940s, including the ENIAC. The technology progressed rapidly from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits, leading to widespread adoption of microprocessors and networking in the late 20th century.

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    History of Computers DBS

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    Pirated Virus
    125 views34 pages
    The document traces the history of computing from early counting methods like fingers and pebbles, through the development of mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine, to modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's conceptualization of programmable computers in the 19th century, Alan Turing's formulation of the Turing machine and concept of a stored program in the 1930s/40s, and the creation of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers in the 1940s, including the ENIAC. The technology progressed rapidly from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits, leading to widespread adoption of microprocessors and networking in the late 20th century.

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    History of Computers DBS University of Engineering and Management Kolkata 2016

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    The document traces the history of computing from early counting methods like fingers and pebbles, through the development of mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine, to modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's conceptualization of programmable computers in the 19th century, Alan Turing's formulation of the Turing machine and concept of a stored program in the 1930s/40s, and the creation of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers in the 1940s, including the ENIAC. The technology progressed rapidly from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits, leading to widespread adoption of microprocessors and networking in the late 20th century.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    125 views34 pages

    History of Computers DBS

    Uploaded by

    Pirated Virus
    The document traces the history of computing from early counting methods like fingers and pebbles, through the development of mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine, to modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's conceptualization of programmable computers in the 19th century, Alan Turing's formulation of the Turing machine and concept of a stored program in the 1930s/40s, and the creation of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers in the 1940s, including the ENIAC. The technology progressed rapidly from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits, leading to widespread adoption of microprocessors and networking in the late 20th century.

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    of 34

    A Brief History of Computers

    Pre-Mechanical Computing:
    From Counting on fingers
    to pebbles
    to hash marks on walls
    to hash marks on bone
    to hash marks in sand

    09/25/16

    UEM, Kolkata

    Mechanical computers
    From
    The Abacus
    c. 4000 BCE
    to
    Charles Babbage
    and his Difference Engine (1812)
    09/25/16

    UEM, Kolkata

    Mechanical computers:
    The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE)

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    Napiers Bones and


    Logarithms (1617)

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    Picture courtesy IBM

    Oughtreds (1621) and


    Schickards (1623]
    slide rule

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    Blaise Pascals
    Pascaline (1645)

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    Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitzs


    Stepped Reckoner (1674)

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    Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched


    card controlled looms (1804)

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    Preparing the cards with the pattern


    for the cloth to be woven

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    10

    Charles Babbage (1791-1871)


    The Father of Computers

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    11

    Charles Babbages Difference


    Engine

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    12

    Charles Babbages Analytical Engine

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    13

    Lady Augusta AdaCou


    ntess
    of Lovelace
    Read Lady Augusta Adas translation of Menabreas
    Sketch of the Analytical Engine

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    14

    Electro-mechanical computers
    From
    Herman Holleriths
    1890
    Census Counting Machine
    to
    Howard Aiken
    and the Harvard Mark I (1944)
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    15

    Herman Hollerith and his


    Census Tabulating Machine (1884)

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    16

    A closer look at the Census


    Tabulating Machine

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    17

    The Harvard Mark I (1944)


    aka IBMs Automatic Sequence
    Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

    Howard Aiken
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    18

    The first computer bug


    Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Mur
    ray Hopper

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    19

    Electronic digital computers


    From
    John Vincent Atanasoffs
    1939
    Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
    to
    the present day
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    20

    Alan Turing1
    912-1954
    The Turing Machine
    Aka
    The Universal Machine
    1936

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    21

    John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995)


    Physics Prof
    At
    Iowa State
    University,
    Ames, IA

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    22

    Clifford Berry (1918-1963)


    PhD student
    of
    Dr. Atanasoffs

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    23

    1939
    The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

    The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented


    by John Vincent
    Atanasoff
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    24

    1943
    Bletchley Parks Colossus

    The Enigma
    Machine
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    25

    1946
    The ENIAC
    John Presper Eckert
    (1919-1995)
    and
    John Mauchly
    (1907-1980)
    of the
    University of
    Pennsylvania Moore
    School of Engineering
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    26

    The ENIAC:
    Electronic Numerical Integrator and
    Computer

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    27

    Programming the ENIAC

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    28

    ENIACs Wiring!
    John Von Neumann

    John Von Neumann came up with the


    bright idea of using part of the computers
    internal memory (called Primary Memory)
    to store the program inside the computer
    and have the computer go get the
    instructions from its own memory, just as
    we do with our human brain.
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    29

    1951
    Univac

    Typical 1968 pricesEX-cluding maintenance & support!

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    30

    What hath God wrought!


    (first telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse, 1844)
    1844

    Electronic and computing technology quickly progressedat an ever-accelerating pace

    from vacuum tubes (Lee de Forrest, the audion, 1907)


    1907
    to transistors (William Shockley et al. 1947)
    to semiconductors (Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce, 1958)
    1958
    to microprocessors (M.E. Ted Hoff, 1971)
    1971
    to networking and the Internet (Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn, 1982]
    1982
    to the World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee, 1991)
    1991
    and beyond

    Whatever next?
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    31

    Acknowledgements (continued on next slide)


    For one of the best written books on the history of computers, check out
    Engines of the Mind : The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors -- by Joel N.
    Shurkin (Paperback)
    A movingly beautiful book on Alan Turing is Alan Turing: the Enigma, by Andrew Hodges
    An excellent, readable book on Cryptography is Simon Singhs
    THE CODE BOOK. The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking
    Tutorials on the encryption software PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) can be found at
    http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/PGPintro.htm
    All pictures and some of the information were obtained from various sites on the World Wide Web.
    Complete list follows:
    Abacus: http://qi-journal.com/action.lasso?-Token.SearchID=Abacus&-Response=culture.asp
    Napier: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Napier.html
    http://www.maxmon.com/1600ad.htm
    Slide Rules: http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htm
    Pascals Pascaline: http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm
    Leibnitz Stepped Reckoner: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Reckoner
    Jacquard looms: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/jacquard1.html
    http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/meister/e_web.htm
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    32

    Acknowledgements (continued)
    Charles Babbage: http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html
    http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp
    Lady Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace: http://www.well.com/user/adatoole/bio.htm
    http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html
    Electricity: http://www.mediaeng.com/historyelect.html (beautifully written pocket history of
    electricity & magnetism)
    Herman Hollerith: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hollerith.html
    Howard Aiken & The Harvard Mark I: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html
    Alan Turing: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html
    John Vincent Atanasoff: http://www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/books/mollenhoff/overview.shtml
    Biographies of Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Biographies.html
    J. Presper Eckert: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Eckert_John.html
    John Mauchly: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mauchly.html
    The patent controversy: http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/mauchly/jwm7.html
    ARPANet: http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html
    Thanks to the following EDTECH listserv colleagues and friends who have reviewed the presentation
    and provided amendments and additional material for inclusion on the slides and in the notes.
    Nancy Head, online instructor, Michigan Virtual High School (MVHS), U.S.A., on the web at
    www.mivhs.org
    Mandi Axmann, Instructional Designer, Open Universities Australia
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    33

    Thank You

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    34

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