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Week 6

Every microprocessor system contains two types of memory: read-only memory (ROM) for permanent data and programs, and random access memory (RAM) for temporary data. Memory devices connect to the microprocessor via address pins to select locations, data pins for input/output, a chip/bank select pin, and control pins like write enable. Address decoding is required to map the microprocessor's address space to the smaller memory devices. Various decoder ICs and programmable logic arrays can be used to generate appropriate chip/bank select signals.

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100 views21 pages

Week 6

Every microprocessor system contains two types of memory: read-only memory (ROM) for permanent data and programs, and random access memory (RAM) for temporary data. Memory devices connect to the microprocessor via address pins to select locations, data pins for input/output, a chip/bank select pin, and control pins like write enable. Address decoding is required to map the microprocessor's address space to the smaller memory devices. Various decoder ICs and programmable logic arrays can be used to generate appropriate chip/bank select signals.

Uploaded by

Anonymous T9VvkMa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Memory Interface

Every P-based system has a memory system. All systems contain two types of memories.
Read-Only Memory (non Volatile Memory)
Random Access Memory (Read/Write Memory or volatile Memory)
ROM contains system software and permanent system data.
RAM contains system temporary data and system application software.
Memory Devices:
Read-Only Memory
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
Flash Memory (EEPROM) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Memory Pin Connections:
Pin connections common to all memory devices are:
Address Inputs
Data Outputs or Input(s)/Output(s)
Selection Input
Control input to selects READ or Write

Address Connections: Address inputs selects a memory location within the memory device.
Labeled from A0, least significant address input
AN, N labeled, N-1then the total number of address pins
Address Pins
Memory
(N)

Address
Connections

Memory
Locations (2N)

1K

10

A0-A9

1024

2K

11

A0-A10

2048

4K

12

A0-A11

4096

8K

13

A0-A12

8192

A0-A19
1M
20
1,048,576
Memory Device Memory Sys. Section Decoded Starting Address
Last Location Address
103FFH (10000H+400H-1H)
1K
400H (1024)
10000H
4K
64K
1M

1000H (4096)
10,000H
100,000H

14000H
30000H
-

14FFFH (14000H+1000H-1H)
3FFFFH
-

Data Connections:
All memory deices has a set of data outputs or input(s)/output(s).
Today, many devices have bi-directional common IO pins.
Data pins are labeled with D7-D0 for an 8-bit-wide memory
(Means memory device stores 8-bit of data in each of its
Memory locations).
8-bit-wide memory device is often called byte-wide memory
Mostly devices are 8-bit-wide, some devices are 16-bits,
4-bits or just 1-bit-wide
Datasheet (Catalog Listing) of memory devices often
Represented by:
Memory Locations x Bits per Location
Ex: Memory Device with 1-K memory locations and 8-bits in each location is often listed as
1K x 8 by the manufacturer. (64K x 4 , 16K x 1)
Sometime memory devices classified as Total bit Capacity.
Ex: 8K, 256K

Selection Connections:
Memory devices has one or more selection or enable inputs
Chip Select (CS) Chip Enable (CE) Select (S)
RAM has at least one CS or S.
ROM has at least one CE.

If CS, CE or S input is active (Logic 0), memory device performs a read or write operation
If CS, CE or S input is inactive (Logic 1), memory device do not performs a read or write
operation b/c it is turned OFF or Disabled.

Control Connections:
Memory devices have control input (s).
ROM has only one control input

RAM has one or two control inputs

Control input on a ROM is Output Enable (OE) or Gate (G).


If OE = 0 and CE = 0, output is enabled
If OE = 1 and CE = 0, output is at high-impedance state (disabled)
Control input on a RAM, if one
R/W and CS = 0
Two inputs
WE (or W) = 0, to perform memory write
OE (or G) = 0, to perform memory read
these two pins must not be activated (Logic 0) at the same time

ROM Memory:
ROM most commonly used type is EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) or Flash Memory
Types of EPROM with following part numbers:
2704

512 x 8

2708

1K x 8

2716

2K x 8

2732

4K x 8

2764

8K x 8

27128

16K x 8

27256

323K x 8

27512

64K x 8

271024

128K x 8

Each has
Address inputs
Eight data pins
One or more Chip Selection inputs (CE), and output enable (OE)

Commonly used EPROM is 2716 EPROM


has 11 address inputs and 8 data outputs
It is 2K x 8 memory device

OE
CE

Static RAM (SRAM):


TMS4016 is a 2K x 8 read/write memory
11 address inputs
8 data input/output

Address Decoding:
Its is necessary to decode the address sent from the P
Without address decoder only one memory can be connected
Why Decode Memory:
8088 is compared to the 2716 EPROM
20-bit
11-bit
1M x 8
2K x 8
The decoder corrects the mismatch by decoding the address pins that do not connect to
the memory device.

Simple NAND Gate Decoder:

If the 20-bit binary address is decoded by the NAND gate


Leftmost 9 bits are 1s
Rightmost 11 bits are 0s
By this actual address range of EPROM can be determined
Ex: 1111 1111 1XXX XXXX XXXX
Starting Address 1111 1111 1000 0000 0000 = FF800H
Ending Address 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 = FFFFFH
OR Ex:

0000 0000 0XXX XXXX XXXX

Starting Address 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 00000H


Ending Address 0000 0000 0111 1111 1111 = 007FFH

3-to-8 Line Decoder (74LS138):

Imagine eight EPROM CE input pins connected to


eight outputs of the decoder

2764 EPROM 8K x 8:
To enable decoder IC, A19-A16 four connections must all be high.

1111 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX


OR
Starting Address 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 = F0000H
to
Ending Address 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 = FFFFFH
Each output range can be calculated as
CBA

1111 000X XXXX XXXX XXXX


CBA

Starting Address 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 = F0000H


to
Ending Address 1111 0001 1111 1111 1111 = F1FFFH
CBA

Starting Address 1111 0010 0000 0000 0000 = F2000H


to
Ending Address 1111 0011 1111 1111 1111 = F3FFFH

(its 64K-byte span of memory)

PLD (Programmable Logic Device) Programmer Decoder:


Arrays of logic elements that are programmable
Types of SPLD (Simple PLD)
o PLA (Programmable Logic Array)
o PAL (Programmable Array Logic)
o GAL (Gated Array Logic)
Other types ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits)
o CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Array)
o FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays)
o FPICs (Field Programmable Interconnects)
A PAL is programed with HDL (Hardware Descriptive Language) or VHDL (Verilog HDL)

--VHDL code for the decoder of fig 10-17


library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity DECODER_10_19 is
port (
A19, A18, A17, MIO: in STD_LOGIC;
ROM, RAM, AX19: out STD_LOGIC
);
end;
architecture V1 of DECODER_10_19 is
begin
ROM <= A19 or A18 or A17 or MIO;
RAM <= not (A18 and A17 and (not MIO));
AX19 <= not A19;
end V1;

8086 Memory Interface:


Address Bus is 20-bit wide
Data bus is 16-bit wide
M/IO
BHE (Bus High Enable)
A0 or BLE

8086 must be able to write data to any 16-bit location or any 8-bit location
16-bit bus must be divided into 2 separate sections (banks)
Low Bank
High Bank
Bank Selection is accomplish in two ways:
Separate Bank Decoders
Separate Bank Write Strobes

Separate Bank Decoders: (least effective way)


two 74LS138 decoders used to select 64K RAM for 80386SX (24-bit address bus)
Decoder U2 has the BLE (A0) attached to G2A
Decoder U3 has the BHE attached to G2A
Decoder U1 enables U2 and U3 for memory address range 000000H-0FFFFFH

Separate Bank Write Strobes: (most effective way)


Develop a separate write strobe for each memory bank
This technique requires only 1-decoder

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