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Basics of Heat Transfer: D. Datta Ace (CFD, Fhu & Os) Directorate of Safety

Heat transfer can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through thermal conductivity. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids such as gases or liquids. Radiation involves the emission and transmission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of objects. Some key equations governing heat transfer include Fourier's law of conduction, equations relating the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann law relating radiative heat flux to temperature. Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluids and can involve processes like boiling, condensation, and phase change.

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58 views35 pages

Basics of Heat Transfer: D. Datta Ace (CFD, Fhu & Os) Directorate of Safety

Heat transfer can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through thermal conductivity. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids such as gases or liquids. Radiation involves the emission and transmission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of objects. Some key equations governing heat transfer include Fourier's law of conduction, equations relating the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann law relating radiative heat flux to temperature. Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluids and can involve processes like boiling, condensation, and phase change.

Uploaded by

Prashant
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BASICS OF HEAT

TRANSFER
D. DATTA
ACE(CFD,FHU & OS)
DIRECTORATE OF SAFETY

TRAINING PROGRAM IN BASIC THERMAL HYDRAULICS


8 & 9 December, 2005

WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?


T1

T 1 > T2

T2

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER


CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
RADIATION

CONDUCTION
T1 > T 2

qx

T2

FOURIERS LAW:
Steady-State heat conduction
q
dT
q k
A
dx

Slab
b

Where, q = heat transfer rate

= heat flux

k = thermal conductivity

T1

q k
T1 T2
A b
T1 T x

T1 T2 b

T2
x

UNITS
q: Watts (SI), kCal (mks), BTU/h (FPS)
q//: W/m2, kCal/m2, BTU/h/ft2
K: W/m-K2
T: K, 0C or 0F

INFINITELY LONG CYLINDER


q
dT
k
A
dr
For length,L, A=2 rL and
integrating from ri to r0, we get

2Lk Ti To
q
ln ro ri
T Ti
ln r / ri

To Ti ln(ro / ri )

Ti
ri

r0

To

COMPOSITE SLAB
q
h1 T1 TW1
h1
A
q k1
TW1 TW 2
A b1
Fluid at T1
q k2
Tw1
TW 2 TW 3
A b2
q k3
TW 3 TW 4
Overall
A b3
q
h 2 TW 4 T2
A

T1 T2 q 1 b1 b 2 b3 1
q
A h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h 2
Thermal Resistance (Elec. Equivalent) :

R th

k1

k2

k3

h2

Tw2
Tw3
b1

b2

b3

Tw4
Fluid at T2

R1

R2

R3

1 1 b1 b 2 b 3 1

R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5

A h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h 2
T T2
q 1
R th

R4

R5

GOVERNING EQUATION
Differential Equation in 3-dimension:
2T 2T 2T
T

C
p
2
2
2

z
t

where, q = volumetric heat generation


Cp

1-dim: y,z

= Specific heat
= density

T
0
Steady-state:
t

No internal heat generation: q 0

SOME EXAMPLES: FUEL PIN

Fuel

Cylindrical Coordinates
1-Dimension
Steady-State
d dT q
0
r

dr dr
k

Tmax

Clad
Gap
Coolant
Tf

dT
B.C.:At r rc , q k dr h( T T f )

SOME EXAMPLES: COOLING OF A WALL


b

Cartesian Coordinates
1-dimension
No heat generation

T(t)

q=0

Transient
2T 1 T

2
x t

B.C.:At x 0 , q 0
x b ,T T

I.C.:At t 0 ,T Tinit T

Tinit
t =0

t
t

T
x

CONVECTION
y

Fluid

u( y )

T( y )

Ts

Ts T

GOVERNING EQUATION
Energy Equation in 2-dimension:
2T 2T

T
T T
k

C
V

p
x
y
2
2

Where, Vx & V y are the velocities in x- and ydirection


1-dim: y

T
0
Steady-state:
t

FORCED CONVECTION
Forced Flow

Air

FORCED CONVECTION
Flow in a pipe
- Constant Wall Temperature/ Constant Heat Flux
To

Tw/q//

To
Thermal Entrance Region

Fully Developed Region

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS


Nusselt No, Nu =

Conductive Re sis tan ce D / kA hD

k
Convective Re sis tan ce 1 / hA

Reynolds No, Re =
Prandtl No, Pr =

Inertial forces vD

Viscous forces

Kinematic Vis cos ity

Thermal Diffusivity

Peclet No, Pe = Re.Pr


Heat Transfer Coefficient, h = Nu. k/D

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS


Laminar: Nu = 4.364
Turbulent: 0.7 < Pr < 100,
Dittus-Boelter Correlation:
Pr < 0.01
Liquid Metals,
Seban & Shimazaki:

Nu D 0.023. Re0.8 Pr n

Nu D 5.0 0.025 Pe0.8

Other correlations for Flat Plate & Cross flow through


cylinders

FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION

Buoyancy-driven
Flow
Hot components
on PCBs
q

Air

FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION


Coupled Effect of
Temperature variation &
Velocity Variation

Vx

Energy & Momentum Eqns


are solved simultaneously
Buoyancy

Tw
T

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS


Grashof No, Gr =

Buoyancy forces. Inertia forces g Tw T x 3

2
Viscous forces
2

Rayleigh No, Ra = Gr.Pr

-
Volume expansion coefficient
T T

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS


CORRELATIONS

Vertical Plate (Churchill & Chu)

0.387 RaL1 6
Nu L 0.825
9 16

1 0.492 / Pr
Horizontal Plate (McAdams)

8 27

Heated upper surface

Nu L 0.54 RaL1 4 ,

2.6 10 4 RaL 107

Nu L 0.15 RaL1 3 ,

107 RaL 3 10 10

Heated lower surface

Nu L 0.27 RaL1 4 ,

3 10 5 RaL 3 10 10

Horizontal Tube(Churchill & Chu)


Nu L 0.36

0.518 RaD1 4

1 0.559 / Pr

9 16 8 27

0.387 Ra

16
D

Nu L 0.60
9 16

1 0.559 / Pr

10 -6 RaD 10 9

,
8 27

10 9 RaD 3 10 10

SOME EXAMPLES

RADIATION
Gas
G

Gas

h ,T

qconv

Surface of Emissivity ,
absorptivity , and temperature Ts

Surroundings at Tsur

h ,T

qrad

Surface of Emissivity
area A , and temperature Ts

qconv

RADIATION

Electro-magnetic Wave
Black Body
Emmisive Power, e
e
Emmissivity, e
b
Absorptivity,
Reflectivity,
Transmissivity,

Body

1
Black Body, 1

RADIATION

Stefan-Boltzmann law:
e T 4
Kirchoffs Law: For a Gray surface,

General Radiant Heat Flux equation
between two Surfaces:
q F12 T14 T24

Stefan

Boltzmann
Constant
,
W
m
K4
where,
F12 Shape Factor

SHAPE FACTORS
Two Surfaces
F1-2 A1 F2-1 A2

Multiple Surfaces
F1-1 F1-2 .. F1-n 1

......
Fn-1 Fn-2 .. Fn-n 1

Two Infinite Parallel surfaces


F12

1 1
1
1 2

Two concentric cylindrical surfaces(1:inner)


F12

1 A1 1

1
1 A2 2

PHASE CHANGE
BOILING
CONDENSATION

BOILING
POOL BOILING

FLOW BOILING

BOILING CURVE
Natural
Convection

Nucleate
Boiling

CHF

Film Boiling

q//
Minimum Film
boiling

(Tw-Ts)

Burnout

CONDENSATION
y

DROPWISE
z

FILM

Vz
Ts
Tw

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Transfer Process
- Direct Transfer type
- Storage type
- Direct contact type

Shell & Tube


Tubular
Double-pipe

Plate Type

/U-tube
Cooling Tower
Scrubber

Fluid Phase Change


Single phase

Heat Exchanger

Boiling

Boiler

Condensation

Condenser

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Categorization based on flow
Parallel flow
Counter flow
Cross- flow

HEAT EXCHANGERS
BASIC EQUATIONS IN H.E. ANALYSIS

q m c .C pc .( Tco Tci )
q m h .C ph .( Thi Tho )
q UATlm
Where,

U Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient


A Heat Transfer Area

T1 T2
Tlm Log Mean Temperatur e Difference
T1

ln
T2

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Based on tube inner radius ri,
U

1
1 ri ro ri 1 ri
ln
Fo
hi k ri ro ho ro

Fo= Fouling Factor


Thi

Thi
Tho

Ti

Ti

Tho

Tco

Tco
Tci

Countercurrent

Tci

Cocurrent

To

THANK YOU

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