Mechanics Of Materials I

Stress and Strain-Axial loading

Lecturer
Engr. Raja Farooq
Main Reference
Mechanics of Materials 3rd Edition by Ferdinand P. Beer,
E. Russell Johnston , Jr. , John T. Dewolf

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress and Strain-Axial loading

In statics we consider rigid or undeformable structures.
Deformations caused by the loads in a structure or machine are
to be studied in this section.
Study of deformations in a structure or machine is important as
stress alone cant ensure the stability of a structure or machine.
In designing a component it is important to avoid large
deformations to keep our component from failure.
In this section we will study the deformations of the structures
or machine under axial loading.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Normal Strain under Axial loading

Strain is a relative change in shape or size of a structure or of a
component.

Stress= = P/A
Normal Strain= = /L

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Normal Strain under Axial loading

Since deformation and length are expressed in the same unit,
so normal strain, , is a dimensionless quantity.

Stress= = 2P/2A
Normal Strain= = /L

Stress= = P/A
Normal Strain= = 2/2L
= /L

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Materials
Ductile materials:
%Elongation 5%

Extensive plastic deformation before fracture,

Brittle materials:
Little plastic deformation before failure,
%Elongation < 5%

Cup-cone fracture in Al

Brittle fracture: mild Steel

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Materials
Ductile materials: Extensive plastic deformation before fracture, %Elongation
5%
Brittle materials: Little plastic deformation before failure, %Elongation < 5%

Ductile failure:

one piece
large
deformation

Brittle failure:
many pieces
small deformations
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress-Strain Diagram
Plotting the magnitude P of the load against the deformation
gives us information useful for the analysis of the rod with
uniform dimension.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress-Strain Diagram
Stress-strain diagram of a material
gives important information regarding
the characteristics of the material.
To obtain a stress-strain diagram of a
material, a tensile test is conducted
on the specimen of the material.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress-Strain Diagram

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress-Strain Diagram

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Materials
Ductile materials:
%Elongation 5%

Extensive

plastic

deformation

before

fracture,

Brittle materials: Little plastic deformation before failure, %Elongation <

5%

Ductility:
Brittle

Very

Moderately

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

True Stress and True Strain

The Graphs shown above are called
engineering stress and strain diagrams as
the stress applied is based on the original
before the load is applied.
Increasing load decreases the area.
Actual or true stress is larger than the
engineering stress.
True stresses can be calculated by
measuring cross sectional simultaneously
with the applied load during a test.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

HOOKES LAW; Modulus of Elasticity

In the stress-strain diagram, during initial
portion we get a straight line where stress
is directly proportional to the strain and is
defined by the hookes law.

= E
E = Modulus of Elasticity or youngs
modulus.
Young's modulus, is a measure of
thestiffnessof anelasticmaterial and is a
quantity used to characterize materials.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

ELASTIC VS PLASTIC
BEHAVIOUR
If the strain disappears when the stress is
removed, the material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which this occurs is
called the elastic limit.
When the strain does not return to zero
after the stress is removed, the material is
said to behave plastically.
Stress
dependent
part
deformations is called slip.

of

plastic

Creep is a time dependent phenomena

which is also influenced by temperature.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Fatigue in Materials
Static Loads let strain develop and is
applied just for once.
Materials under time varying/fluctuating
Load e.g. rotating shaft.
Repeated/fluctuating stress trend to
break the part under stress which are
less than the stress or yield strength.
Failure is called fatigue stress due to
repetition
of stress for being large number of
times.
Unlike static failure, no warning is given
before
fracture.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

DEFORMATIONS OF MEMBERS
UNDER AXIAL LOADING

Hookes Law:

Strain:
Deformation under Axial
loading:
Deformation with variations in
loading, cross-section or
material properties.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress and Strain-Axial loading

Example 2.01:

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Stress and Strain-Axial loading

Example 2.1:
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is
made of aluminium (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
500 mm2; link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a crosssectional area of 600 mm2. For the 30-kN force shown, determine
the deflection (a) of B, (b) of D, (c) of E.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Stress and Strain-Axial loading

Example 2.2:
The rigid castings A and B are connected by two 3/4 -in.-diameter steel
bolts CD and GH and are in contact with the ends of a 1.5-in.-diameter
aluminum rod EF. Each bolt is single-threaded with a pitch of 0.1 in., and after
being snugly fitted, the nuts at D and H are both tightened one-quarter of a
turn. Knowing that E is 29 * 106 psi for steel and 10.6 * 106 psi for aluminum,
determine the normal stress in the rod.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Structures for which internal forces and reactions cannot be
determined from statics alone are said to be statically
indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever it is held
by more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium.

Example 2.02:

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Statically Indeterminate Problems

Example 2.03:
A bar AB of length L and uniform cross section is attached to rigid
supports at A and B before being loaded. What are the stresses in
portions AC and BC due to the application of a load P at point C.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Example 2.04:
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading
shown in Fig., assuming a close fit at both supports before the
loads are applied.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Example 2.05:
Determine the reactions at A
and B for the steel bar and
loading of Example 2.04,
assuming now that a 4.50-mm
clearance exists between the
bar and the ground before the
loads are applied (Fig. 2.29).
Assume E = 200 GPa.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or thermal
strain. There is no stress associated with the thermal strain
unless the elongation is restrained by the supports.
T = (T)L
T=(T)
=-E(T)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Thermal Stresses
Example 2.06:
Determine the values of the
stress in portions AC and CB of
the steel bar as shown when
the temperature of the bar is
-45oC, knowing that a close fit
exists at both of the rigid
supports when the temperature
is +24oC. Use the values E =
200Gpa and = 11.7 *10-6/oC
for steel.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Thermal Stresses
Example 2.3:
The 1/2-in.-diameter rod CE
and the 3/4-in.-diameter rod DF
are attached to the rigid bar
ABCD as shown. Knowing that
the rods are made of aluminum
and using E = 10.6 * 106 psi,
determine (a) the force in each
rod caused
by the loading shown, (b) the
corresponding deflection of
point A.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Thermal Stresses
Example 2.3:

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Thermal Stresses
Example 2.4:

The rigid bar CDE is attached to a pin

support at E and rests on the 30mmdiameter brass cylinder BD. A 22mm-diameter steel rod AC passes
through a hole in the bar and is secured
by a nut which is snugly fitted when the
temperature of the entire assembly is
208C. The temperature of the brass
cylinder is then raised to 508C while
the steel rod remains at 208C.
Assuming that no stresses were present
before
the
temperature
change,
determine
theof stress
in the
cylinder.
Department
Mechanical
Engineering,
UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Thermal Stresses
Example 2.4:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University