Scribd
Upload
55 views13 pages

CH 1.1: Basic Mathematical Models Direction Fields: Differential Equations Are Equations Containing Derivatives

1) The document provides examples of differential equations that model physical phenomena involving rates of change, such as motion, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and population growth. 2) Example 1 formulates a differential equation modeling the velocity of an object falling near sea level, accounting for gravity and air resistance. The direction field shows the slopes at different velocity values. 3) Equilibrium solutions can be found by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving for the variable. For an equation of the form y' = ay - b, the equilibrium solution is b/a.

Uploaded by

Nurma Firdausi A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views13 pages

CH 1.1: Basic Mathematical Models Direction Fields: Differential Equations Are Equations Containing Derivatives

1) The document provides examples of differential equations that model physical phenomena involving rates of change, such as motion, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and population growth. 2) Example 1 formulates a differential equation modeling the velocity of an object falling near sea level, accounting for gravity and air resistance. The direction field shows the slopes at different velocity values. 3) Equilibrium solutions can be found by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving for the variable. For an equation of the form y' = ay - b, the equilibrium solution is b/a.

Uploaded by

Nurma Firdausi A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Ch1.

1:
BasicMathematicalModels;DirectionFields
Differential equations are equations containing derivatives.
The following are examples of physical phenomena
involving rates of change:
Motion of fluids
Motion of mechanical systems
Flow of current in electrical circuits
Dissipation of heat in solid objects
Seismic waves
Population dynamics

A differential equation that describes a physical process is


often called a mathematical model.

Example 1: Free Fall

(1 of 4)

Formulate a differential equation describing motion of an


object falling in the atmosphere near sea level.
Variables: time t, velocity v
Newtons 2nd Law: F = ma = m(dv/dt) net force
Force of gravity: F = mg
downward force
Force of air resistance: F = v
upward force
Then
dv
m mg v
dt

Taking g = 9.8 m/sec2, m = 10 kg, = 2 kg/sec,


we obtain dv 9.8 0.2v
dt

v 9.8 0.2v

Example 1: Sketching Direction Field (2 of 4)


Using differential equation and table, plot slopes (estimates)
on axes below. The resulting graph is called a direction
field. (Note that values of v do not depend on t.)
v
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

v'
9.8
8.8
7.8
6.8
5.8
4.8
3.8
2.8
1.8
0.8
-0.2
-1.2
-2.2

Example 1:
Direction Field Using Maple (3 of 4)

v 9.8 0.2v

Sample Maple commands for graphing a direction field:


with(DEtools):
DEplot(diff(v(t),t)=9.8-v(t)/5,v(t),
t=0..10,v=0..80,stepsize=.1,color=blue);

When graphing direction fields, be sure to use an


appropriate window, in order to display all equilibrium
solutions and relevant solution behavior.

v 9.8 0.2v

Example 1:
Direction Field & Equilibrium Solution (4 of 4)

Arrows give tangent lines to solution curves, and indicate


where soln is increasing & decreasing (and by how much).
Horizontal solution curves are called equilibrium solutions.
Use the graph below to solve for equilibrium solution, and
then determine analytically by setting v' = 0.

Set v 0 :
9.8 0.2v 0
9.8
v
0.2
v 49

Equilibrium Solutions
In general, for a differential equation of the form

y ay b,

find equilibrium solutions by setting y' = 0 and solving for y :


y (t )

b
a

Example: Find the equilibrium solutions of the following.


y 2 y
y 5 y 3
y y ( y 2)

Example 2: Graphical Analysis


Discuss solution behavior and dependence on the initial
value y(0) for the differential equation below, using the
corresponding direction field.

y 2 y

Example 3: Graphical Analysis


Discuss solution behavior and dependence on the initial
value y(0) for the differential equation below, using the
corresponding direction field.

y 5 y 3

Example 4:
Graphical Analysis for a Nonlinear Equation
Discuss solution behavior and dependence on the initial
value y(0) for the differential equation below, using the
corresponding direction field.

y y ( y 2)

Example 5: Mice and Owls (1 of 2)


Consider a mouse population that reproduces at a rate
proportional to the current population, with a rate constant
equal to 0.5 mice/month (assuming no owls present).
When owls are present, they eat the mice. Suppose that
the owls eat 15 per day (average). Write a differential
equation describing mouse population in the presence of
owls. (Assume that there are 30 days in a month.)
Solution:
dp
0.5 p 450
dt

Example 5: Direction Field (2 of 2)


Discuss solution curve behavior, and find equilibrium soln.
p 0.5 p 450

Example 6: Water Pollution (1 of 2)


A pond contains 10,000 gallons of water and an unknown
amount of pollution. Water containing 0.02 gram/gal of
pollution flows into pond at a rate of 50 gal/min. The mixture
flows out at the same rate, so that pond level is constant.
Assume pollution is uniformly spread throughout pond.
Write a differential equation for the amount of pollution at
any given time.
Solution (Note: units must match)

.02 gram

y
gal

y 1 0.005 y

50gal y gram


min 10000 gal

50gal

min

y 1 0.005 y

Example 6: Direction Field (2 of 2)


Discuss solution curve behavior, and find equilibrium soln.

You might also like