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Mathematics Integration

The document discusses various integration techniques including: - Integration as the reverse of differentiation - Constant integration and including a symbol to represent the constant - Standard integrals of common functions - Integrating polynomials by integrating terms individually and combining constants - Integrating functions of linear functions by making a substitution - Integration by partial fractions to separate integrands into partial fractions - Integrating forms like 1/f(x) and f'(x)/f(x) - Integration by parts using the formula ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du - Integrating trigonometric functions by using trigonometric identities - Definite integrals evaluate the area under a curve between two bounds.

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36 views18 pages

Mathematics Integration

The document discusses various integration techniques including: - Integration as the reverse of differentiation - Constant integration and including a symbol to represent the constant - Standard integrals of common functions - Integrating polynomials by integrating terms individually and combining constants - Integrating functions of linear functions by making a substitution - Integration by partial fractions to separate integrands into partial fractions - Integrating forms like 1/f(x) and f'(x)/f(x) - Integration by parts using the formula ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du - Integrating trigonometric functions by using trigonometric identities - Definite integrals evaluate the area under a curve between two bounds.

Uploaded by

qwertyuuuuuuuu
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INTEGRATION

THP-FTP-UB

Integration
Integration or antidifferentiation is the
reverse process of differentiation.
The symbol
denote the integral of with
respect to the variable .
For example , so the integral of
with
respect to is written by:

Constant Integration

See that

Because any constant term in the original


expression becomes zero in the derivative.
We therefore acknowledge the presence of
such constant term of some value by adding
a symbol to the result of integration:

is called constant integration and must


always be included.

Standard Integrals

Try!

Integration of Polynomial
Expression

Polynomial
expression are integrated term
by term with the individual constant of
integration consolidated into one symbol to
for whole expression.
Example

Integration of Functions of a Linier


Function of
If:
f ( x)dx F ( x) C
then:

f ( ax b)dx

F (ax b)
C
a

For example:
x7
x dx 7 C so that
6

(5 x 4)7
(5 x 4) dx 7 5 C
6

Try!

Integration by Partial
Fractions

If the integrand is an algebraic fraction


that can be separated into its partial
fractions then each individual partial
fraction can be integrated separately.
x 1
2
3
dx

x 2 3x 2 x 2 x 1 dx
3
2

dx
dx
x2
x 1
3ln | x 2 | 2ln | x 1| C

Integration by Partial
Fractions
If the numerator is not of lower degree than
the denominator, the first step is to divide
out.
For example
Determine by partial fraction
First we divide by , so we get

Then, we solve . To solve the form we just


can use the rule like previous example.

Try!

Integration
of The Form , and

(i)
For example

(ii)

f ( x)
1
dx
df ( x) ln f ( x ) C
f ( x)
f ( x)

For example

2x 3
d ( x 2 3 x 5)
2
dx

ln
x
3x 5 C
x 2 3x 5 x 2 3x 5

Integration
of The Form , and


(iii)

Example
Since

Try!

Evaluate

(c)

Integration by Parts

The part formula is

u ( x)dv( x) u ( x)v( x) v( x)du ( x)

For example
x
xe
dx u ( x)dv( x)

u ( x)v( x) v( x)du ( x) where u ( x) x so du ( x) dx


dv( x) e x dx so v( x) e x
x.e x e x dx
xe x e x C

Integration of Trigonometric
Functions

Many integrals with trigonometric integrands can

be evaluated after applying


identities.
Trigonometric identities such as:

For example:
1
1 cos 2 x dx
2
1
1
dx cos 2 xdx
2
2
x sin 2 x

C
2
4

2
sin
xdx

trigonometric

Definite Integral
if integrable on , moreover called the
definit integral of from to .
Then
which is be any antiderivative of on
For example

The techniques integration of definite


integrals are same with indefinite integral.

Try!

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