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Computer Aided Design (CAD) ME P25: - Perspective Projection

1) Perspective projection models how objects appear smaller as their distance from the eye increases by projecting lines from a viewpoint to a projection plane. 2) The perspective projection transformation matrix contains terms that model translation, rotation, and scaling as well as terms that model the perspective view. 3) Vanishing points are points where parallel lines in the scene appear to converge in the projected image and indicate orientations relative to the viewer. Principal vanishing points occur for lines parallel to the coordinate axes.

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40 views10 pages

Computer Aided Design (CAD) ME P25: - Perspective Projection

1) Perspective projection models how objects appear smaller as their distance from the eye increases by projecting lines from a viewpoint to a projection plane. 2) The perspective projection transformation matrix contains terms that model translation, rotation, and scaling as well as terms that model the perspective view. 3) Vanishing points are points where parallel lines in the scene appear to converge in the projected image and indicate orientations relative to the viewer. Principal vanishing points occur for lines parallel to the coordinate axes.

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Anonymous LwhDlR
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Future University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering Department

Computer Aided Design (CAD) ME P25


- Perspective Projection

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection
The basic idea is when we
looking at any object, the
eye projecting lines is
located at specific point,
therefore, the perspective
view is different from that
orthographic view.
In figure, the projecting lines is defined as x-y plane, and eye point in
z direction, so we need to find coordinate of .
Consider
Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection
Consider
Consider

Similarly;

Also

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective
Projection
Before translation, rotation, scaling and orthographic projection are linear transformations because of linear
combination x,y,z. But in perspective projection these transformations are non linear because there are no
combination of x,y,z, such as has no combination between x,y.

Therefore, using homogenous coordinate the matrix transformation will be as;

If need to get value in last column with 1st and 2nd rows, then we should put eye point in (-ve) x,y direction
respectively.
Perspective projection can be easily captured in general homogenous matrix, when we have 16 terms in a matrix
as follows:
Term p captured uniform scaling; 4 terms (m,n,o) captured translation; 9 terms (a,b,c,e,f,g,i,j,k) captured different
rotations; 2 terms (a,f,k) captured scaling; So far, 2 terms (d,h,l) captured perspective view transformation.

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection

Objective is to find transformation matrix when perspective projection;

1. Eye at origin;
2. Projecting plane passes through and has unit normal vector .

. Procedure:

, , )

, , )

-. Draw normal unit vector from onto to the plane , i.e. (translate (o) onto the plane

and rotate coordinate system such that one of the principle axis concise with the direction vector ;then we can use
transformation matrices in previous example, and this very complex procedure.
-. Instead of that we can use equation from geometry; So, if you have any arbitrary and the line of this point
intersected with plane at , then satisfy equation pf this plane; therefore, from vector principles:

Put where t ratio discrete line from analysis geometry, then;

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection
, , )

Where d perpendicular distance from origin to the projecting plane.

Using transformation multiplication matrix:

, , )

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

General Perspective Transformation


, , )

Objective
is to find transformation matrix when perspective projection;

1. Eye at any arbitrary point );


2. Projecting plane passes through and has unit normal
vector .
. Procedure:

In this case, we use standard projection as;


Step1: translate such that point Eye becomes at origin .
Step2: perspective projection, this will given by transformation .
Step3: do reverse of step1, which is translation by .

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Vanishing Points

vp vanishing point, it is defined as any point from where a set of


parallel lines would seems to emerge in perspective transformation,
and the set of lines may/may not parallel to the principle axis's.

pvp principal vanishing point, it has same definition of

vanishing point, but the set of lines should be parallel to the


principle axiss (x,y,z).
There are many kinds of vanishing points such as:
- 1 vp: lines are parallel to (x,y) axiss, this would have vanishing
point for lines that comes and emerge from z-axis.
- 2 vp: lines are parallel to x axis, this would have vanishing point for lines that comes and emerge from
(y,z) axiss.
- 3 vp: lines are not parallel to any coordinate system, this would have vanishing point for lines that comes
and emerge from (x,y,z) axiss.
Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection

If
you have general perspective projection, how do we can find vanishing point and
Its coordinate.
Assume:
1/ You have and you have set of lines parallel to each other in the
direction of .

, , )
, , )

, , )

,,)

2/ These set of lines passes through starting point .


3/ These lines need to be projected on the projection plane.
4/ the direction of infinity for lines in direction , also need to be projected in the plane, and this will give
arbitrary vanishing point on the plane.
- The equations for set of lines in the direction of , are;

Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

Perspective Projection

At infinity direction point, we can write as;

Therefore, set of points at infinity in the direction of .


5/ now, will transform by projecting lines to the projecting

, , )

, , )
, , )
,,)

plane; that will give transformation T, then;

Where: vanishing point in the direction of .


Generally, as an example if we need the vanishing points in the direction of , and in term of d perpendicular distance
from origin to the projecting plane so;
-pvp
-pvp
-pvp
Notice; when plane is lines in the direction of , there is vp, while plane is lines in the direction of there is no vp.
Dr. Mohammed Osman Ali Hamid

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