SFRA FRAX Application&Product MK 021609
SFRA FRAX Application&Product MK 021609
SFRA FRAX Application&Product MK 021609
Sweep Frequency
Response Analysis
Transformer Diagnostics
Diagnostics is about collecting reliable information to make
the correct decision
Making the correct decisions saves money
SFRA
Oil analysis
FDS
Winding
Resistance
SFRA Basics
SFRA = Fingerprinting
Medium frequencies
Taps and
connections
Winding deformations
Winding
deformations
High frequencies
Tap connections and other
winding connection problems
Core + windings
Comparative tests
Transformer A
Design based
Time based
Transformer A
Transformer B
Type based
Comparisons
Time Based (Tests performed on the same transformer over time)
The most reliable test
Deviations between curves are easy to detect
problem
Measurement philosophy
New measurement = Reference measurement
Back in Service
New measurement Reference
measurement
Reference measurements
When transformer is new
Capture reference data at commissioning of
new transformers
Manufacturing test
Commissioning test
Transport test
Incident test - after incidents where you
suspect electromechanical changes
After transport
Short-circuit faults
Catastrophic events
Earth quakes
Hurricanes, tornadoes
FRA Methods
SFRA
Injects a single frequency signal
Measures response at the same
frequency
No conversion
High resoultion at all frequencies
Impulse FRA
SFRA Measurements
LV winding
HV winding
Bad connection
Bad connection can affect the curve at higher frequencies
Good connection
After proper connections were made
FRAX C-Clamp
C-Clamp ensures good
contact quality
Penetrates non conductive
layers
Solid connection to round or
flat busbars
Provides strain relief for cable
Separate connector for single
or multible ground braids
Instrument performance
Small transformers have higher attenuation at first
resonance
Inherent instrument noise is often the main limiting
source, not necessarily substation static
Test your instruments noise floor by running a
sweep with open cables (Clamps not connected to
transformer)
Influence of core
Try to minimize the effect, however, some
differences are still to be expected and must be
accepted.
Preferably:
perform SFRA measurements prior to winding
resistance measurements (or demagnetize the
core prior to SFRA measurements)
Use same measurement voltage in all SFRA
measurements
After
demagnetization
2.8 V
Omicron
10 V
FRAX, Doble and others
40
Omicron (2.8 V)
FRAX, 2.8 V
41
Summary
The basis of SFRA measurements is comparison and
reproducibility is of utmost importance
To ensure high repeatability the following is important
Use of a high quality, high accuracy instrument with inputs and
output impedance matched to the coaxial cables (e.g. 50 Ohm)
Use same applied voltage in all SFRA measurements
Make sure to get good connection and connect the shields of
coaxial cables to flange of bushing using shortest braid technique.
Make good documentation, e.g. make photographs of
connections.
FRAX
The Features And Benefits
45
Bluetooth
On FRAX101
Rugged Extruded
Aluminum Case
Active Probe
Connector on FRAX101
All Connectors
Panel Mounted
Easy to connect
shortest braid cables
Import formats
Fast testing
Less points where it takes
time to test and where high
frequency resolution is not needed
Decision support
Unlimited analysis
Unlimited graph control
Lots of available graphs
Ability to create custom
calculation models using any
mathematic formula and the
measured data from all
channels
Turn on and off as needed
Compare real data with
calculated model data
Mathematical modeling
Cable compartment
FRAX-150
As FRAX-101 except:
Internal PC/stand-alone
No internal battery option
No Bluetooth
FRAX-99
Light weight
Rugged
Battery operated
Wireless communication
Accuracy & Dynamic Range/Noise floor
Cable Practice
Easy-to-use software
Export & Import of Data
Complies with all SFRA standards and recommend
Only unit that is compatible with all other SFRA
instruments
Manufacturer
Factory of production
Original customer/technical specifications
No refurbishments or repair
Same year of production or +/-1 year for large units
Re-order not later than 5 years after reference order
Unit is part of a series order (follow-up of ID numbers)
For multi-unit projects with new design: reference transformer should
preferably not be one of the first units produced
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
1k
10 k
[X1-X0 (open)]
Frequency (Hz)
[X3-X0 (open)]
[X1-X0 (open)]
100 k
[X3-X0 (2)]
1M
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
1k
10 k
[H1-X1 (IW)]
Frequency (Hz)
[H3-X3 (IW)]
[H1-X1 (IW)]
100 k
[H3-X3 (IW)]
1M
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
1k
10 k
Frequency (Hz)
[H1-H0 (open)]
[H3-H0 (open)]
100 k
1M
-20
-30
-40
-50
1k
10 k
[X2-X1 (open)]
Frequency (Hz)
[X1-X3 (new test) (open)]
100 k
1M
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
1k
10 k
Frequency (Hz)
[H1-X1 (IW)]
[H3-X3 (IW)]
100 k
1M
100
1000
10000
100000
0
-10
Response (dBs)
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Frequency (Hz)
HV-0, LV open
A and C phase OK, large deviation on B-phase (shorted turn?)
1000000
100
1000
10000
Response (dBs)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Frequency (Hz)
100000
1000000
LV winding
Instrumentation
Frequency range All major brands are OK
Dynamic range
First transformer circuit resonance gives typically a -90 dB
response. Smaller transformers may have a first response at -100
dB or lower
Note that CIGRE recommends measurement range down to -100
dB. This implies a dynamic range/noise floor at about -120 dB.
Accuracy
1 dB at -100 dB fulfills all standards.
Instrumentation verification
Verification of instrument including cables
Measurement with open cables (at clamp) should give a response
close to the noise floor of the instrument (at lower frequencies,
pending cable length)
Measurement with shorted cables (at clamp) should give close to
0 dB response (pending cable length)
External test device with known response (FTB-101 included in
FRAX standard kit)
FRAX - Benchmarking
Measurement range
-100 dB measurement
(CIGRE standard)
Black FRAX-101
Red Other SFRA 1
H1 H2 (open) measurements
Red FRAX-101
Grey Other SFRA
Dynamic Range
Measurements at first resonance
Blue FRAX
Purple Other SFRA 3
Red Other SFRA 1
FRAX - Compatibility
Blue Doble
Orange Frax
93
Blue Doble
Orange Frax
94
Blue FRAX
Purple Tettex
Red Doble
(Doble high frequency
deviation due to different
grounding practice)
95
2.8 V
10 V
96
Omicron (2.8 V)
PAX, 2.8 V
97
Summary - conclusions
SFRA is an established methodology for detecting
electromechanical changes in power transformers
Collecting reference curves on all mission critical
transformers is an investment!
Ensure repeatability by selecting good instruments and
using standardized measurement practices
Select FRAX from Pax Diagnostics, the ultimate
Frequency Response Analyzer!