Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions

Objectives Overview

Differentiate among a
Differentiate between
Describe uses of web
character, field,
file processing
databases, types of
record, and data file
systems and the
databases, and Big
and describe
database approach
Data
validation techniques
Discuss functions
common to most
database
Define system
management
development, list the
systems: data
system development
dictionary, file
phases, and identify
retrieval and
the guidelines for
maintenance, data
system development
security, and backup
and recovery
See Page 498
for Detailed Objectives

2016 Cengage Learning. May not be

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Objectives Overview
Discuss the
importance of project
management,
feasibility assessment,
documentation, and
data and information
gathering techniques

Discuss the purpose of

and tasks conducted
in each system
development phase

Identify the benefits of

object-oriented
programming
languages and
application
development tools

See Page 498

for Detailed Objectives

Differentiate between
low-level languages
and procedural
languages

Describe various ways

to develop webpages
and web applications

2016 Cengage Learning. May not be

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Databases, Data, and

Information
Database
Collection
of data
organized in
a manner
that allows
access,
retrieval,
and use of
that data
Page 498

Data
Collection
of
unprocesse
d items
Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video

Information
Processed
data
Organized
Meaningfu
l
Useful

2016 Cengage Learning. May not be

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Databases, Data, and

Information

Page 499
Figure 11-1

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Databases, Data, and

Information
Database software, often called a
database management system
(DBMS), allows users to:

Page 498

Create a
computerized
database

Add, modify, and

delete data

Sort and retrieve

data

Create forms and

reports from the
data

2016 Cengage Learning. May not be

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Databases, Data, and

Information
Data is organized in levels
Characters, fields records, and files

Pages 500 - 501

Figure 11-2

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Databases, Data, and

Information
A character is one
byte
Numbers, letters,
space, punctuation
marks, or other
symbols

A field is a
combination of one
or more related
characters
Field name
2016 Cengage Learning. May not be
Field size scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a

Page 500
Figure 11-3

Databases, Data, and

Information
A record is a group of related fields
A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies
each record

A data file is a collection of related records

Page 501
Figure 11-4

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Databases, Data, and

Information
File maintenance refers to the
procedures that keep data current

Adding
records

Page 502

Modifyi
ng
records
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Deletin
g
records

10

Databases, Data, and

Information
Validation compares data with a set of
rules or values to find out if the data
meets certain criteria

Page 503

Alphabetic/Num
eric check

Range check

Consistency
check

Completeness
check

Check digit

Other checks

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11

File Processing Systems and

Databases
File processing
system

Database approach

Each department has

its own set of files
Redundant data
Isolated data

Pages 504 - 506

Programs and users

share data
Reduced data
redundancy
Improved data
integrity
Shared data
Easier access
Reduced
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development
time
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12

File Processing Systems and

Databases

Page 505
Figure 11-6

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13

File Processing Systems and

Databases
Disadvantages of a database approach
Can be more complex than a file processing
system
Require more memory and processing
power
Data can be more vulnerable

Page 506

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14

File Processing Systems and

Databases
Web databases offer information about:
Jobs

Photos

Page 506

Destination
s

Television
programmi
ng

Movies

Videos

Local and
national
weather

Sporting
events

Legislative
information

Travel

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15

File Processing Systems and

Databases

Page 507

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16

File Processing Systems and

Databases
A data model defines how users view
the organization of the data

Relational
database

Page 508

Objectoriented
database
(OODB)

Multidimensio
nal and other
database
types

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17

Database Management
Systems
A data dictionary contains data about
each file in the database and each field
in those files

Page 510
Figure 11-7

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18

Database Management
Systems
A DBMS provides several tools that
allow users and programs to retrieve
and maintain
in the database
Querydata
language
Query by example
Form
Report writer
Page 511

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19

Database Management
Systems
A query is a request for specific data from the
database
A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, store, update, or delete
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular
query language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data

Pages 511 - 512

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20

Database Management
Systems
Most DBMSs include query by
example (QBE), a feature that has a
graphical user interface to assist users
with retrieving data

Page 512
Figure 11-9

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21

Database Management
Systems
A form is a window on the screen that
provides areas for entering or modifying data
in a database
A report writer allows users to design a
report on the screen, retrieve data into the
report design, and then display or print the
report

Pages 512 - 513

Figure 11-10

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22

Database Management
Systems

A DBMS provides
means to ensure that
only authorized users
access data
Access privileges
Principle of least privilege
policy

Page 513

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23

Database Management
Systems
A DMBS provides a variety of techniques
to restore the database to a usable form
in case it is damaged or destroyed

Page 515

Backup

Log

Recover
y utility

Continu
ous
backup

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24

System Development
An information system is a collection of
hardware, software, data, people, and
procedures that work together to
produce information
System development is a set of
activities used to build an information
system

Page 515

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25

System Development
System development is a set of
activities used to build an
information system

System development
activities are grouped into
phases, and is called the
system development life
cycle (SDLC)

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26

System Development

Page 516
Figure 11-11

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27

System Development
System development should follow
three general guidelines:

Group activities into

phases
Involve users
Define standards

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28

System Development
System development should involve
representatives from each department
in which the proposed system will be
used
A systems analyst is responsible for
designing and developing an
information system

Page 517

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29

System Development
Project management is the process of
planning, scheduling, and then controlling the
activities during system development
To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the
project leader identifies the following
elements:
Time
Scope

Cost
estimates for
each activity
Page 517

Required
activities

Order of
activities

estimates for
each activity

Activities that
can take
place at the
same time

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30

System Development
Popular tools
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities are
Gantt and PERT
charts

Page 518
Figure 11-12

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31

System Development
Feasibility is a measure of how
suitable the development of a system
will be to the organization

Operational Schedule
feasibility feasibility

Page 519

Technical
feasibility

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Economic
feasibility

32

System Development
Documentation is the collection and
summarization of data, information, and
deliverables
Maintaining up-to-date documentation
should be an ongoing part of system
development

Page 519

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33

System Development
During system development, members of the
project team gather data and information
Review
documentati
on

Observe

Survey

Interview

JAD
Sessions

Research

Page 520
Figure 11-13

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34

System Development
The planning phase for a project
begins when the steering committee
receives a project request
Four major activities are performed:
Review and
approve the
project
requests

Page 521

Prioritize the
project
requests

Allocate
resources

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Form a
project
development
team

35

System Development
The analysis phase consists of two
major activities:
Conduct a
preliminary
investigation
Determines the
exact nature of
the problem or
improvement
Interview the user
who submitted the
request
Pages 521 - 522

Perform detailed
analysis

Study how the

current system
works
Determine the
users wants,
needs, and
requirements
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Recommend
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or posted to a
a
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36

System Development
The system proposal assesses the
feasibility of each alternative solution
The steering committee discusses the
system proposal and decides which
Modifyto pursue
alternative
Buy retail
Use web
existing
system

software

Build
custom
software
Page 522

apps

Outsource

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37

System Development
The design phase consists of two
major activities

Acquire
hardware and
software

Page 523

Develop all of
the details of
the new or
modified
information
system

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38

System Development
To acquire the necessary hardware and
software:
Solicit vendor
proposals

Identify
technical
specifications

Pages 523 - 524

Make a
decision

Test and
evaluate
vendor
proposals

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39

System Development
The next step is to develop detailed
design specifications

Databa
se
design

Page 524

Input
and
output
design

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Progra
m
design

40

System Development
Systems analysts typically develop two
types of designs for each input and
Layout chart
output Mock-up

Page 524
Figures 11-15 11-16

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41

System Development
A prototype (proof of concept) is a
working model of the proposed systems
essential functionality

Page 525

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42

System Development
The purpose of the implementation
phase is to construct the new or
modified system and then deliver it to
users
Develop
programs
and apps

Page 525

Install and
test the
new
system

Train users

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Convert to
the new
system

43

System Development
Various tests should be performed on
the new system
Unit test
Verifies
that each
individual
program
or object
works by
itself
Page 525

Systems
test
Verifies
that all
programs
in an
applicatio
n work
together
properly

Integration
test

Acceptance
test

Verifies
that an
applicatio
n works
with other
applicatio
ns

Checks
the new
system to
ensure
that it
works with
actual
data

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44

System Development
Training involves showing users exactly
how they will use the new hardware and
software in the system
One-on-one sessions
Classroom-style lectures
Web-based training

Page 526
Figure 11-17

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45

System Development
One or more of four conversion
strategies can be used to change from
the old system to the new system
Direct conversion
Parallel conversion
Phased conversion
Pilot conversion

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46

System Development
The purpose of the support and
security phase is to provide ongoing
assistance for an information system
and its users after the system is
implemented
Monitor
Perform
maintenanc
e activities

Page 526

system
performanc
e

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Assess
system
security

47

Application Development Languages

and Tools
A programming language is a set of
words, abbreviations, and symbols that
enable a software developer to
communicate instructions to a computer
or mobile device
An application development tool
provides a means for creating,
designing, editing, testing, and
distributing programs and apps
Page 527

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48

Application Development Languages

and Tools
In a procedural language, the
programmer writes instructions using
English-like words that tell the computer
what to accomplish and how to do it

Page 528

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49

Application Development Languages

and Tools
The C programming language is used to
write many of todays programs

Page 528
Figure 11-18

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50

Application Development Languages

and Tools

A compiler
converts the entire
source program to
machine language
before executing it

Page 529

An interpreter
translates and
executes one
instruction at a time

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51

Application Development Languages

and Tools
Compiler

Page 529
Figures 11-19 11-20

Interpreter

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52

Application Development Languages

and Tools
An object-oriented programming (OOP)
language allows system developers to
implement objects in a program
Other advantages include:
Developers
Objects can be
reused

create
applications
faster

Most objectoriented
application
development
tools are IDEs
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53

Application Development Languages

and Tools
Java is an object-oriented programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems

Page 531
Figure 11-21

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54

Application Development Languages

and Tools
C++ is an extension of the C
programming language
Additional features for working with objects

Visual Studio is Microsofts suite of

object-oriented application development
tools that assists software developers in
building programs and apps for
Windows or any operating system that
supports the Microsoft .NET Framework
Page 531

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55

Application Development Languages

and Tools
A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables
users and software developers to access
data in a database
One popular 4GL is SQL

Page 532

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56

Application Development Languages

and Tools
Classic programming languages include:

Page 532

BASIC

COBOl

FORTR
AN

RPG

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57

Application Development Languages

and Tools
An application generator is a program that
creates source code or machine code from a
specification of the required functionality
Often bundled as part of a DBMS

A macro is a series of statements that instructs

a program or app how to complete a task
You usually create the macro in one of two
ways:
Record the macro
Write the macro
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58

Application Development Languages

and Tools

Page 533
Figure 11-22

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59

Application Development Languages

and Tools
HTML is a special formatting language
that software developers use to format
documents for display on the web

Page 535
Figure 11-23

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

60

Application Development Languages

and Tools
XML allows web developers to create
tags that describe the structure of
information
WML is a subset of XML and is used to
design pages specifically for microbrowsers

Page 536

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61

Application Development Languages

and Tools
Software developers write scripts,
applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls
using a variety of languages

JavaScri
pt

Perl

Python
Page 536

PHP
Ruby

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62

Application Development Languages

and Tools

Page 537
Figure 11-24

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63

Summary
Hierarchy of data, ways
to validate data, the
advantages of the
database versus the file
processing approach,
and characteristics of
database management
systems

System development
phases and the
guidelines for system
development, along
with activities that
occur during system
development

Various programming
languages and
application
development tools

Variety of web
development tools

Page 539

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

64

Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Chapter 11