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    Erasmus - PL - Voyage Planning

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    Ran Oronce
    This document provides information and guidance on voyage (passage) planning for ships. It discusses what should be included in a voyage plan such as departure, en route, arrival and mooring. It outlines the four stages of passage planning: appraisal, planning, execution and monitoring. Key factors that should be considered at each stage are identified, such as weather, tides, regulations and the vessel's intended route. The importance of monitoring progress and adapting plans if needed is emphasized. Economic objectives should be secondary to safe navigation. Examples of voyage planning calculations are provided.

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    Erasmus - PL - Voyage Planning

    Uploaded by

    Ran Oronce
    195 views23 pages
    This document provides information and guidance on voyage (passage) planning for ships. It discusses what should be included in a voyage plan such as departure, en route, arrival and mooring. It outlines the four stages of passage planning: appraisal, planning, execution and monitoring. Key factors that should be considered at each stage are identified, such as weather, tides, regulations and the vessel's intended route. The importance of monitoring progress and adapting plans if needed is emphasized. Economic objectives should be secondary to safe navigation. Examples of voyage planning calculations are provided.

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    This document provides information and guidance on voyage (passage) planning for ships. It discusses what should be included in a voyage plan such as departure, en route, arrival and mooring. It outlines the four stages of passage planning: appraisal, planning, execution and monitoring. Key factors that should be considered at each stage are identified, such as weather, tides, regulations and the vessel's intended route. The importance of monitoring progress and adapting plans if needed is emphasized. Economic objectives should be secondary to safe navigation. Examples of voyage planning calculations are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    195 views23 pages

    Erasmus - PL - Voyage Planning

    Uploaded by

    Ran Oronce
    This document provides information and guidance on voyage (passage) planning for ships. It discusses what should be included in a voyage plan such as departure, en route, arrival and mooring. It outlines the four stages of passage planning: appraisal, planning, execution and monitoring. Key factors that should be considered at each stage are identified, such as weather, tides, regulations and the vessel's intended route. The importance of monitoring progress and adapting plans if needed is emphasized. Economic objectives should be secondary to safe navigation. Examples of voyage planning calculations are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    VOYAGE (PASSAGE)

    PLANNING
    Marina Zanne, M.Sc.
    [email protected]

    Introduction
    Passage planning or voyage planning is a
    procedure of developing a complete description of
    a vessel's voyage from start to finish.
    Production of a passage plan prior to departure is a
    legal requirement.
    The practice of voyage planning has evolved from
    drawing lines on nautical charts to a process of risk
    management.]

    What to include?
    The plan should include:
    leaving the dock and harbor area,
    the en route portion of a voyage,
    approaching the destination,
    and mooring.

    How to do it?
    Passage planning consists of four stages:
    appraisal,
    planning,
    execution,
    and monitoring

    Appraisal
    The appraisal stage consists of gathering and
    contemplating all information relevant to the voyage.
    By consulting:
    nautical charts,
    nautical publications and
    performing tasks such as
    weather forecasting,
    prediction of tides and currents, and
    checking of local regulations and warnings.

    Planning
    The process involves projecting various future
    events including landfalls, narrow passages, and
    course changes expected during the voyage.
    The mental model becomes the standard by which
    later on the navigator measures progress toward
    the goal.

    Planning
    The plan should include the following factors:
    the plotting of the intended route on appropriate scale
    charts
    the main elements to ensure safety of life at sea, safety
    and efficiency of navigation, and protection of the marine
    environment during the voyage
    safe speed,
    necessary speed alterations en route,
    minimum clearance required under the keel in critical areas with
    restricted water depth,
    course alteration points etc.

    Execution
    A number of tasks has to be executed during the
    course of the voyage.
    The captain's responsibility is to treat the plan as a
    "living document" and to review or change it in
    case of any special circumstances that should
    arise.

    Execution
    Factors which should be taken into account when
    executing the plan, or deciding on any changes
    of it include:
    the reliability and condition of the vessel's navigational
    equipment,
    estimated times of arrival at critical points for tide heights
    and flow,
    meteorological conditions,
    daytime versus night-time passing of danger points, and
    traffic conditions, especially at navigational focal points.

    Monitoring
    Once the voyage has begun the progress of
    the vessel along its planned route must be
    monitored. This requires that the ship's
    position be determined.

    Computer aids
    http://www.navtools.nl/routexp.htm - NavTools Route XP
    allows you to plan a seatraject in order to arrive on
    schedule with minimal fuel consumption
    http://gfce.ingb-richter.de/ - Global fleet control
    http://www.jeppesen.com/ - PC-Planner includes voyageplanning software on CD and a USB chart reader
    allowing boaters to plan all the navigational aspects of a
    future voyage and download 5-day weather forecasts.

    Testemonials
    Maersk: Using real-time weather data the
    potential savings of ECO-Voyage are 1% a year.
    ECO-Voyage is the new tool continuously analyses
    information on expected ocean currents, depths, wind
    and waves along a planned route in order to
    determine the most efficient power and speed needed
    throughout a voyage.
    More info:
    http://www.maersk.com/AboutMaersk/News/Pages/2011
    0114-150716.aspx

    Economic aspect
    The economic objectives of time and distance
    saving are to be secondary to safe navigation,
    and are to be ignored whenever the master
    assesses it necessary.

    Example
    Daily fixed costs (operating costs + depreciation)= 5.200 $
    Distance (Rotterdam-Koper) = 3.005 miles
    Av. Speed = 15 knots
    Port days = 3,5 days
    Consumption at sea (IFO) = 47 t/day
    Consumption at sea (MDO) = 1,5 t/day
    Price (IFO) = 250 $/t, Price (MDO) = 463 $/t
    Consumptions at port (IFO) = 1,5 t/day
    Consumptions at port (MDO) = 1,5 t/day
    Duration of voyage? Costs of voyage?

    Deviations
    Results that are different to the planned
    ones
    Occur on daily basis

    Deviations
    It is importnat to determine their source:
    internal or
    external reasons.
    Possible reasons for deviations in maritime tr.:

    bad weather conditions,


    delays in ports,
    route deviations (eg. due to medical condition of crew memeber),
    fuel price changes,
    hull or engine condition,
    poor planning etc.

    Example
    Av. speed = 13 knots.
    d(A,B)= 1.274 miles
    d(B,C)= 1.495 miles
    The ship stays in port A for 16 hpurs, in port B for 24 hours and in port
    C for 16 hours.
    The consumption at sea is 47 t/day. The price of fuel is 266 $/t.
    In port the ship consumes 1,5 t/day of the same fuel.
    Daily fixed costs of the ship are 3.100 $.
    Port fees accumulate for 27.415 $.
    Calculate the voyage (from A to C) costs!

    Example
    Due to the bad weather conditions the sailing time
    from A to B took 20 hours more than expected
    (same consumption as at regular sailing
    conditions). Beacuse of the delay, the ship
    needed to wait 24 hours for a free wharf (berth)
    at the port B (at mooring the consumption is the
    same as in port).
    Calculate the voyage costs and determine the
    deviation!

    Other planning
    It is not only the navigation that needs to be
    carefully planned. It is also necessary to
    plan cargo loading (type of cargo, volume,
    distribution aboard the etc.) and
    unloading, port staying, bunker and
    provisions, shipyard visit etc.

    Break even point


    revenues > costs profit
    revenues < costs loss
    revenues = costs break even point

    Break even point calculation


    The container ship came to Seattle to pick up cargo for Durban.
    Ships capacity is 3.200TEU and with the 45.000 tons deadweight.
    The distance is 11.238 miles and demands the passage throug the
    Panama canal. At 16 knots and 4 days at port plus 1 day of canal
    passage this voyage lasts 34,3 days and costs 703.775$.
    The volume of available cargo is 4.172 TEU and weiaghts 35.439 tons.
    The total freight rate offered is 2.190.000$.
    Assumption: the freight rate is same for each TEU, the mass of each
    TEU is the same.
    How much cargo must be taken aboard to cover the costs?
    Whats the best possible financial result of the voyage?

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