RDBMS
RDBMS
RDBMS
Relational Databases
Relational Database
A database management system (DBMS)
that stores data in the form of related tables
is called a relational Database management
system
The goal of a relational database
management system (RDBMS) is to make
data easy to store and retrieve
Relational Database
Relational Database: A method of structuring data as
collections of tables that are logically associated to
each other by shared attributes. A relationship is
established using a common field.
Lines
Relational Database
Using the ability to relate tabular data from
multiple sources (different tables) the database
user is able to ask more complicated questions
(queries) of the data
Depending upon the relationship of the data and
the type of question, records are combined from
one table to another.
The ability to establish a relationship between
tables is dependent upon a common (or Key)
field found in both of the tables to be joined or
related.
NAME
Unisports
Simms Atheletics
Delhi Sports
Womansport
Primary Key
SALES_
PHONE
REP_ID
55-2066101
12
81-20101
14
91-10351
14
1-206-104-0103
11
Foreign Key
LAST_NAME
Havel
Magee
Giljum
Nguyen
Primary Key
FIRST_NAME
Marta
Colin
Henry
Mai
Data Definition
Data definition is related to defining and
organizing data within a structure (tables)
Each table must obey certain rules called Data
Normalization
Normalization refers to the optimization of
tables to remove any redundancy
Most database are normalized only up to the
third Normal Form
Normalization
Normalization
Normalization is a multi-step process
beginning with an un normalized relation
First Normal Form:
Every Table must have a Primary Key
There can be more than one Primary Key in a table
Un normalized relation
ENO
Name
City
Madurai
Ragu
phone
Home
11-12111
Business Fax
123-222- 312222
223458
11
22
Abdul
Trichy
33
Siraj
Chennai
312111-
312-222- 3129976
333-
Name
City
Madurai
Ragu
phone
Home
11-12111
Business Fax
123-222- 312222
223458
11
22
Abdul
Trichy
33
Siraj
Chennai
312111-
312-222- 3129976
333-
Name
City
Home
phone
11-12111
Business
phone
Fax phone
123-222- 312-22222
3458
Madurai
Ragu
11
22
Abdul
Trichy
33
Siraj
Chennai
312-
312-222- 312-
Normalization
Third Normal Form:
all the Non primary field in the table should be
a FULLY dependent on the primary key alone
Un normalized relation
C#
Name
Company City
11
Ragu
IBM
Madurai
22
Abdul
TCS
Trichy
33
Siraj
ORACLE Chennai
Name
Ragu
Abdul
Siraj
CID
1
2
3
CID#
1
2
3
Name
IBM
TCS
ORACLE
City
Madurai
Trichy
Chennai
Reports
A report from a database is a formatted output from a
query or search of the database
The report can be prepared to contain certain fields,
sorted in any order and laid out in a readable manner
Reports can also include summaries of columns
A report writer defines the placement and format of
columns, headings, footer information, column titles,
and pagination in database reports
Such reports can be generated automatically with the
help of application generators
Data Dictionary
A relational database system must maintain data
about the tables and all other objects in the database
This information is otherwise called as Meta data or
System Catalog
The data dictionary must store names of the relations
and the attributes of each relation
Data dictionaries are used by the database
administrator to query the status of a firms data
The administrator can make changes to the definitions
of selected data to incorporate new organizational
requirements
SQL
The database interrogation capability of a
database management system allows end users
with no programming language feature lets
users obtain immediate responses to ad hoc
data requests
The Structured Query language is a popular
query language includes both the data
definition and data manipulation operations
By combining keywords, users can create
queries that extract just the information they
are looking for
SQL
Publishers
pub_id
pub_name
address
state
0736
1 1st Street
MA
0987
2 2nd Street
DC
1120
Algodata Infosys
3 3rd Street
CA
pub_name
address
state
0736
1 1st Street
MA
0987
2 2nd Street
DC
1120
Algodata Infosys
3 3rd Street
CA
The
pub_name
address
state
0736
1 1st Street
MA
0987
2 2nd Street
DC
1120
Algodata Infosys
3 3rd Street
CA
Distributed Databases
Location C
computer
computer
Location A
Location B
computer
Distributed Database
Many organizations replicate and distribute copies or
parts of databases to network servers at various sites
These distributed databases reside on network servers
on the World Wide Web, on corporate intranets or
extranets, or on other company networks
In a distributed system, there is a difference between
local and global transactions.
A local transaction accesses data only at the site
where the transaction was initiated
A global transaction however, either accesses data at a
site different from the one at which the transaction
was initiated or accesses data from different sites
Data Warehousing
A data warehouse is a database which stores
large amounts of transactional data
Such a warehouse helps companies take
business and support decisions
Data Mining
Data Mining refers to analyzing the data from different
sources and perspectives and summarizing it into useful
information
The aim is to look for patterns in the data which can be used to
formulate a business strategy or to look for unusual behavior
Data mining applies statistical technique to find patterns in
large amounts of data
It processes data in a data warehouse to identify key factors
and trends and historical patterns of business activity
Managers can use this information to make strategic changes
in business operations to gain a competitive advantage in the
market
What is OODB?
A persistent and sharable collection of objects
defined by OO data model
OODB = OO + DB
Object Oriented:
complex objects, object identity, encapsulation,
inheritance, Polymorphism
Database:
Relationship, Consistency, recovery and an ad hoc
query facility
09/11/16
Why OODB?
Some applications not suited for RDB
Model real world more closely
Manage complex data relationships very well
CAD/CAM, multimedia, Graphical Map file, systems
modeling, etc.
Better performance
Store and retrieve objects as a whole
09/11/16
Thank you