Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers,

Problem Solving, and Programming

Problem Solving,
Abstraction, and Design using C++ 5e
by Frank L. Friedman and Elliot B. Koffman

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Early Computers
Late1930s,JohnAtanasoff,CliffordBerry
ENIAC

1946
UniversityofPennsylvania
J.PresperEckertandJohnMauchley
JohnvonNeumann,storedprogramconcept

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Computer Hardware
CPUcentralprocessingunit
Wheredecisionsaremade,computationsare
performed,andinput/outputrequestsare
delegated

MainMemory
StoresinformationbeingprocessedbytheCPU

SecondaryMemory(MassStorage)
Storesdataandprograms
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Computer Hardware
Inputdevices
Allowpeopletosupplyinformationtocomputers

Outputdevices
Allowpeopletoreceiveinformationfromcomputers

Networkconnection
Modems
Ethernetinterface

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Figure 1.2

Computer components

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Memory
Stores
programs
operatingsystem
applications

data

Types
RAMvolatile
ROM

Composedofbits,whicharecombinedinto
bytes
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Memory Cells
Address Contents
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
...
999

-27.2
354
0.005
-26
H
RTV 001
...
X
75.62

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Secondary Memory
Semipermanentdatastoragecapability
Magnetic
Harddisk
Floppydisk
Tape

Nonmagnetic
CDROM
memorystick,flash

Secondarymemoryusuallyhasmuchmore
storagecapacitythanmainmemory
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CPU
Brainsofthecomputer
Arithmeticcalculationsareperformedusingthe
Arithmetic/LogicalUnitorALU
Controlunitdecodesandexecutesinstructions
Registersholdinformationandinstructionsfor
CPUtoprocess

Arithmeticoperationsareperformedusing
binarynumbersystem
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Input / Output Devices

Accessoriesthatallowcomputertoperform
specifictasks
Receivinginformationforprocessing
Returntheresultsofprocessing

Commoninputandoutputdevices
Keyboard
Printer

Joystick
Monitor

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Scanner
Speaker

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Computer Networks
Allowsmultiplecomputerstoconnect
togethertoshareresourcesand/ordata
LANLocalareanetwork
Organizational

WANWideareanetwork
Internet

Requiresadditionalhardware
modem
networkinterface
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World Wide Web

Introduced1989
DevelopedbyCERN
EuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics

Webbrowser
GUI
Netscape
IE
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1.3 Computer Software

Operatingsystem
Othersystemsoftware
utilities
programminglanguagesystems

Applications

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Operating System
E.g.Windows,Unix
Controls
theinteractionofsystemwiththeuser
hardwareinteractions

PartisusuallystoredonROM,restonhard
drive
Thisarrangementrequiresbootingthesystem

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Figure 1.6

Clicking on the Recycle Bin Icon in

Windows XP

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Some OS Responsibilities
Communicatingwiththeuser;receivinguser
commands
Managingallocationofmemory,processortime,
filesystem,andotherresources
Collectinginputfromkeyboard,mouse,etc.
Conveyingoutputtoscreen,printer,etc.
Writingdatatosecondarystoragedevices

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Application Software
Doestherealwork
Commonapplicationsoftware

Wordprocessors
Desktoppublishingprograms
Spreadsheets
Presentationmanagers
Drawingprograms

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Programming Languages
MachineLanguage
Mostfundamentallanguageofthecomputer
Uniqueforeachprocessortype
Binary0sand1sthatspecifywhattodo
0010000000000100
1000000000000101
0011000000000110

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Table 1.2

A Program in Machine and Assembly

Language

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High - Level Languages

Resemblehumanlanguage
C++,C,Pascal,FORTRAN,Ada
a=a+b;

Morecompactandhumanunderstandablethan
machinelanguage
Mustbetranslatedintomachinelanguage

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Object Oriented Programming

C++derivedfromCbyBjarneStroustrup
Popularbecauseofreuse
Classes
Objects
Methods

OrganizedinaHierarchy
SuperClasses
SubClasses

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Object Oriented Design

Abstraction
Extracttherelevantpropertiesofanobject
whileignoringinessentialdetails

Encapsulation
Breakingdownanobjectintoparts,hidingand
protectingitsessentialinformation,and
supplyinganinterfacetomodifythe
informationinacontrolledandusefulmanner
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1.4 Processing a High-Level

Language Program
Setofprogramsusedtodevelopsoftware
Akeycomponentisatranslator
Compiler

Examples
g++,BorlandC++,MicrosoftVisualC++

Otherprogramsneeded
Editor
Linker
Loader

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Processing a Program
Editorusedtoentertheprogram
Likeminimalwordprocessor
Createssourceprogramfile

Compilertranslatesthesourceprogram
Displayssyntaxerrors
Creates(usually)temporaryobjectcodefile
Linker/Loadertocombineobjectfilewithotherobject
filesandexecuteprogram
Createsfinalexecutableprogram

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Executing a Program
CPU
examineseachprograminstructioninmemory
sendsoutcommandsignalsrequiredtocarry
outtheinstruction

Specialinstructionsusedto
inputdataintomemoryfortheprogramtouse
outputdatatodisplayorprinter(orother
device)

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1.5 Software Development

Method
ProblemAnalysis
Identifydataobjects
DetermineInput/Outputdata
Constraintsontheproblem

Design
Decomposeintosmallerproblems
Topdowndesign(divideandconquer)
DevelopAlgorithm(Deskcheck)
Algorithmrefinement

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Software Development Method

Implementation
Convertingthealgorithmintoprogramming
language

Testing
Verifytheprogrammeetsrequirements
SystemandUnittest

Maintenance
Allprogramsundergochangeovertime

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1.6 Applying the Software

Development Method
CaseStudy:ConvertingMilestoKilometers
ProblemYoursummersurveyingjobrequiresyouto
studysomemapsthatgivedistancesinkilometersand
somethatusemiles.Youandyourcoworkerspreferto
dealinmetricmeasurements.Writeaprogramthat
performsthenecessaryconversion.

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Case Study
AnalysisThefirststepinsolvingthisproblem
istodeterminewhatyouareaskedtodo.You
mustconvertfromonesystemofmeasurement
toanother,butareyousupposedtoconvert
fromkilometerstomiles,orviceversa?The
problemstatesthatyouprefertodealinmetric
measurements,soyoumustconvertdistance
measurementsinmilestokilometers.

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Data Requirements
ProblemInput
miles
distanceinmiles
ProblemOutput
kms
thedistanceinkilometers
RelevantFormula
1mile=1.609kilometers

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Design
Formulatethealgorithmthatsolvesthe
problem.
Algorithm
1.Getthedistanceinmiles.
2.Convertthedistancetokilometers.
3.Displaythedistanceinkilometers.

AlgorithmRefinement
2.1Thedistanceinkilometersis1.609the
distanceinmiles

Deskcheck!
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Listing 1.2

Miles to kilometers

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Implementation
#include<iostream>
usingnamespacestd;
intmain()
{
constfloatKM_PER_MILE=1.609;
floatmiles,kms;
cout<<Enterthedistanceinmiles:;
cin>>miles;
kms=KM_PER_MILE*miles;
cout<<Thedistanceinkilometersis<<kms<<endl;
return0;
}

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Testing
Testwithinputdataforwhichyoucan
easilydeterminetheexpectedresults
E.g.
10milesshouldconvertto16.09kilometers

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1.7 Professional Ethics for

Computer Programmers

PrivacyandMisuseofData
ComputerHacking
PlagiarismandSoftwarePiracy
MisuseofaComputerResource

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