Dr. Mohamad Sattar Bin Rasul: Ukm-Fac of Education

DR.
MOHAMAD SATTAR BIN RASUL

SPECIALISATION: TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION / ENGINEERING
EDUCATION
UKM-FAC OF EDUCATION
RESEARCH
Methodology
FUTURE RESEARCH
Human
Capital
Developmen
t
Field of
Diciplines
Pedagogical
Assessment
Curriculum
Instructional
Policy
THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1. Selection of topic
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks
4. Clarification of research question/hypothesis
5. Research design
6. Data collection
7. Data analysis
8. Drawing conclusions
STAGE 1. SELECTION OF TOPIC

1. A crucial stage, as an inappropriate topic or question will
often lead to irretrievable difficulties later in the research.
2. It is unlikely that you will develop a final question and set of
objectives at this stage of the research process, and stages
2 and 3 are important in developing and assessing your
question more fully.
Nevertheless objectivity can be injected by answering

questions such as these:
Is the problem of current interest? Is it topical?
Is the problem likely to continue into the future?
Will more information about the problem have practical
application?
Will more information about the problem have theoretical
importance?
How large is the population affected by the problem?
How important, influential, or popular is this population?
Would this study substantially revise or extend existing
knowledge?
Would this study create or improve an instrument of some utility?
Would research findings lead to some useful change in best
practice?
Is there evidence or authoritative opinion from others to support
the need for this research?
Development of Interactive Multimedia Module With Pedagogical Agents in The

Learning of Electrochemistry
Kemahiran Tempat Kerja Lepasan Pelajar Berkeperluan Khas; Satu Kajian Kes
Kesan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Masalah Dalam Kursus Perpindahan Haba
Terhadap Pencapaian Pelajar, Keupayaan Metakognisi, Dan Pemikiran Kritis Pada
Pelajar Tahun Kedua: Satu Kajian Tindakan Di Universitas Negeri Padang
Pembentukan Model Perantisan: Analisis Grounded Theory
Pembentukan Indikator Dan Pembangunan Sistem Pengurusan Berkualiti Makmal
Kejuruteraan Politeknik
Model Pemindahan Pembelajaran Lestari Sistem Latihan Kemahiran Berasaskan
NOSS
Pembangunan Dan Kebolehgunaan E-Portfolio Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia
Menggunakan Sumber Terbuka Mahoodle
STAGE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

consists of critically reading, evaluating and organising
existing literature on the topic to assess the state of
knowledge in the area.
stage you should aim to become an expert in your field of
research.
generally done alongside the development of the theoretical
and conceptual frameworks (stage 3 of the research
process).
STAGE 3. DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
As you read the literature, you should be continually
developing and refining your theoretical and conceptual
frameworks.
Your theoretical framework refers to the underlying
theoretical approach that you adopt to underpin your study.
The conceptual framework defines and organises the
concepts important within your study.
STAGE 4. CLARIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH

QUESTION
Initial research questions are chosen, investigated and
often rejected for a number of reasons, for example:
The question lacks sufficient focus.
The conceptual framework has identified problems in
either defining and/or measuring the appropriate concepts.
There are too many moderating or intervening variables.
The project is unfeasible in terms of complexity, access,
facilities or resources.
STAGE 5. RESEARCH DESIGN

What data do I need to collect to answer this question?
What is the best way to collect this data?
What overall research design should I use? For example,
a cross-sectional, experimental or longitudinal design?
Will I need to collect primary or secondary data?
What methods, for example interviews, questionnaire
surveys and so on, will be best to collect the primary data?
STAGE 6. DATA COLLECTION

You have to consider
which methodology to choose, and
which methods to utilise.
STAGE 7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE

FINDINGS
1. The data you collect in stage 6 needs to be analysed to
provide answers to your research question.
2. In your discussion of the results, reference should also
be made back to the literature reviewed in stage 2, for
example
How do the findings add to this literature?
Do they support the literature?
If not, what are the possible reasons why?
STAGE 8. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions should relate back to the focused research
question.
You can evaluate how successful you have been in
achieving your research objectives, and highlight the
strengths and weaknesses of the research.
You may also want to make recommendations for further
research.
SUMMARY
1. Research is not just about the collection of data. Data
collection is important, but it is simply part of a wider
process the research process.
2. The research process follows 8 steps: selection of topic,
reviewing the literature, developing your theoretical and
conceptual frameworks, clarifying your research question,
developing a research design, collecting data, analysing
data, and drawing conclusions.
3. Relating your project to the research process will allow
you to develop and answer your research question in a
logical and systematic manner.
EPISTEMOLOGY AND
RESEARCH
RESEARCH PARADIGMS
Positivist
Interpretivist
WHAT IS POSITIVIST AND

INTERPRETIVIST RESEARCH
Positivist
(fakta &
pemerhatian)
Interpretivist
Quantitative
Qualitative
THE POSITIVISTIC APPROACH

Defineyourresearchtopic
Literaturereview
Defineyourresearchquestion(s)
i.e.hypothesis
Deductive
Designdatacollection
Pilotstudy
Designdataanalysis
Collectdata
Analysedata
Interpretresults
Reportyourfindings
AdaptedfromMaylorandBlackmon(2005)
THE INTERPRETIVIST
APPROACH
Defineyourresearchtopic
Literaturereview
Defineyourresearchquestion(s)
Designdatacollection
Inductive
Collectdata
Analysedata
Literaturereview
Interpretdata
Researchquestionanswered?
Reportyourfindings
AdaptedfromMaylorandBlackmon(2005)
Deductive Theory testing
Inductive Theory building
Deductive - begins with an

abstract idea and principle and
works toward the concrete
details to test these ideas.
Inductive - begins with concrete

details and then works toward
abstract ideas or general
principles or laws.
The research onion
Source:MarkSaunders,PhilipLewisandAdrianThornhill2006

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DR.

MOHAMAD SATTAR BIN RASUL

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

2. Reviewing the literature

3. Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks

4. Clarification of research question/hypothesis

STAGE 1. SELECTION OF TOPIC

Nevertheless objectivity can be injected by answering

Development of Interactive Multimedia Module With Pedagogical Agents in The

STAGE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

STAGE 3. DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AND

STAGE 4. CLARIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH

STAGE 5. RESEARCH DESIGN

STAGE 6. DATA COLLECTION

STAGE 7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE

STAGE 8. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

WHAT IS POSITIVIST AND

THE POSITIVISTIC APPROACH

Deductive Theory testing

Inductive Theory building

Deductive - begins with an

Inductive - begins with concrete

The research onion

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