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Circle Algorithm

The document describes algorithms for drawing circles, including a simple method using the circle equation and solving for y at intervals of x, and the mid-point circle algorithm. The mid-point circle algorithm uses eight-way symmetry to calculate points in one eighth of the circle, then applies symmetry to find the remaining points. It works incrementally to choose the next point along the circle boundary by evaluating if the mid-point between two candidate points is inside or outside the circle.

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mahesh
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53 views10 pages

Circle Algorithm

The document describes algorithms for drawing circles, including a simple method using the circle equation and solving for y at intervals of x, and the mid-point circle algorithm. The mid-point circle algorithm uses eight-way symmetry to calculate points in one eighth of the circle, then applies symmetry to find the remaining points. It works incrementally to choose the next point along the circle boundary by evaluating if the mid-point between two candidate points is inside or outside the circle.

Uploaded by

mahesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCLE DRAW ALGORITHMS :

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

The equation for a circle is:


where r is the radius of the circle
So, we can write a simple circle drawing
algorithm by solving the equation
for y at unit x intervals using:

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

21
of
39

Eight way symmetry :


Here circle centred at (0, 0) have eight-way symmetry

(-x, y)

(-y, x)

(y, x)

(-y, -x)

(y, -x)
(-x, -y)

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

(x, y)

(x, -y)
3

Mid Point Circle Algorithm


It uses incremental algorithm for drawing circles the
mid-point circle algorithm
In the mid-point circle algorithm we use eight-way
symmetry so as to calculate the points for the top right
eighth of a circle, and then use symmetry to get the
rest of the points

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

23
of
39

Assume that we have

just plotted point (xk, yk)


The next point is a
choice between (xk+1, yk)
and (xk+1, yk-1)

(xk, yk)

(xk+1, yk)

(xk+1, yk-1)

We would like to choose


the point that is nearest to
the actual circle
Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

of
39

Now changing the side of circle give us:


f circ (x, y)

x2

y2

r2

The equation evaluates as follows:


0, if (x, y) is inside the circle boundary
fcirc (x, y)
0, if (x, y) is on the circle boundary
0, if (x, y) is outside the circle boundary

By evaluating this function at the midpoint


between the candidate pixels we can
make our decision
Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

39

Assuming we have just plotted the pixel at


(xk,yk) so we need to choose between
(xk+1,yk) and (xk+1,yk-1)
Our decision variable can be defined as:
pk

fcirc (xk

(x k 1)2
(y

1 )
2

1,
yk
k

1 2 )2

2
If pk < 0 the midpoint is inside
the circle and
the pixel at yk is closer to the circle
Otherwise the midpoint is outside and yk-1
is
closer

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

39

The first decision variable is given


1 )
as:
p0 fcirc (1,
2

1 )2 2
r
2

1 (r
5

Then if pk < 0 then the next decision variable


is given as:
pk

pk

2xk

If pk > 0 then the decision variable is:


pk
Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

pk

2xk

1 2 yk 1
8

39

MID-POINT CIRCLE ALGORITHM


Input radius r and circle centre (xc, yc), then
set the coordinates for the first point on the
circumference of a circle centred on the origin
as:
(x , y ) (0, r)
0

Calculate the initial value of the decision parameter as:

5
4

p0

Starting with k = 0 at each position xk, perform the


following test. If pk < 0, the next point along the circle
centred on (0, 0) is (xk+1, yk) and:

pk
Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

pk

2xk

1
9

29
of
39

Otherwise the next point along the circle is (xk+1, yk-1)


and:

pk

pk

2xk

1 2 yk

4.
5.

Determine symmetry points in the other seven octants


Move each calculated pixel position (x, y) onto the
circular path centred at (xc, yc) to plot the coordinate
values:

6.

Repeat steps 3 to 5 until x >= y

xc

Larry F. Hodges
(modified by Amos Johnson)

yc

10

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