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Wide Area Measurements FOR Improved Protection of Power Systems

This document summarizes a presentation on wide area measurements for improved power system protection. It discusses the history of wide area measurement systems (WAMS) and phasor measurement units (PMU), as well as current and potential future applications of WAMS for protection, including adaptive relay settings, out-of-step protection, and system integrity protection schemes. It also outlines recommendations for next steps such as pilot projects and gaining experience from field installations to further the use of WAMS for protection purposes.

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manan desai
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184 views26 pages

Wide Area Measurements FOR Improved Protection of Power Systems

This document summarizes a presentation on wide area measurements for improved power system protection. It discusses the history of wide area measurement systems (WAMS) and phasor measurement units (PMU), as well as current and potential future applications of WAMS for protection, including adaptive relay settings, out-of-step protection, and system integrity protection schemes. It also outlines recommendations for next steps such as pilot projects and gaining experience from field installations to further the use of WAMS for protection purposes.

Uploaded by

manan desai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WIDE AREA MEASUREMENTS

FOR
IMPROVED PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS
SISTEMSKA MJERENJA ZA POBOLJSANJE ZASTITE

Arun Phadke
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA

Damir Novosel
Quanta Technology
Raleigh, NC

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Topics covered:

Wide Area measurements ~ History


Modern WAMS and their architecture
WAMS based Protection ~ issues
Current applications of PMUs in the US/Canada
Ideas for WAMS based protection systems
System Integrity Protection Schemes
A road map for future

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

GPS
receiver
PMU
Signal
conditioning
unit
User
Interface

(b)

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)


This is the basic instrument of modern wide area measurements.

GPS
receiver
Analog
Inputs

Anti-aliasing
filters

Phase-locked
oscillator

16-bit
A/D conv

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Modems

Phasor
microprocessor

Phasor measurement process

PMU
Xrms
Input
wires

Phasor timetag (reporting


instant)

Filters
Sampled
Data
Phasor
Estimator

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Phasor
Xr + j X i
= Xrms j
Positive sequence
Voltages and
Currents

WAMS Architecture

ISO's
PDC

ISOs
WAN

Utility's
PDC

Utility's
PDC

Utilitys
WAN

Utilitys
WAN

...

...
PMU

PMU

PMU

PMU

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Communications
Early installations:
Used available commercial communication media
Telephone lines, leased or dial-up
Company owned microwave system
Analog modems on analog channels
Direct digital where available

Recent trends:
Fiber-optic channels
Dedicated where available
Ethernet
TCP or UDP

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Communications
Fiber-optic configurations
Fiber bundle in ground wire

Power line

Fiber bundle on
separate towers

Fiber bundle wrapped around


Phase conductor
Transmission
Tower

Fiber bundle
direct buried

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Phasor Measurement Units in the US/Canada

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Some Current Applications of WAMS in the US/Canada


Application

Utility

Analysis of system performance: post-disturbance; system oscillation


modes (low frequency oscillations), Generator performance and Model
validation, HVDC Model validation, Phase-angle alarm

BPA

Dynamic data monitoring and analysis (angle, frequency, flows),


Restoration: synch check and black start

PG&E

Situational Awareness for reducing blackouts, Increasing power transfers,


Power system oscillation monitoring, Real-time grid control center
applications, Intelligent System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS)

SCE

Disturbance analysis, Dynamic analysis

AEP

Post-mortem analysis, Data visualization using geographical maps

Entergy

Disturbance analysis

FP&L

State Estimation (SE), System harmonic monitoring

NYPA/NY ISO

Trending display of frequency, Phase angle monitoring

TVA

State Estimation (SE)

Entergy, TVA, PG&E,


Manitoba Hydro

State Estimation
Voltage & transient stability are being evaluated in conjunction w/ SE

British Columbia
Transmission

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Ideas for WAMS based protection systems

WAMS not to intervene directly in high speed protection


WAMS may alter protection group settings
Promising candidates belong to these classes:
Back-up
Stability related
System Protection
Some examples and suggestions

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Adaptive adjustment of Security and Dependability

From System Control Center

O
r
An
d
Vot
e

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

To Circuit
Breaker
s

Logic

Protectio
n N
2
o
Protectio
n N
3

Arbitratio
n

Protectio
n N
1
o

SystemStat
e

Monitoring vulnerability of relay settings

Critical Relay locations

Static: Load encroachment

How close?
Revise settings?

Dynamic: Swings

How close?
Revise settings?

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Adaptive Out-Of-State Relaying

Georgia

Out of step
condition

S-PMU

S-PMU

Relay

Relay

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Adaptive Out-Of-State Relaying

Pre-fault

Post-fault
Interval

Prediction

Interval

Observation

Adaptive Out-Of-State Relaying for meshed networks

Two machine equivalent

PMU

Observation
window

PMU

Time-series of swing curves


and prediction

PMU data

Time
Observation
Interval

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Prediction
Interval

Supervision of back-up zones

B
A

B
B

Zone 3 picks-up at A
Then at B
Balanced Conditions?
Any Zone-1 picked up?

Yes.
If not Block Zone-3

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Loss-of-Field Relaying
System Control Center determines Thvnin

X
Strong system

Loss of field
trajectory
R

Weak system

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Dynamic ACE for intelligent load shedding

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)

Goal to prevent propagation of disturbances for severe system


emergencies caused by un-planned operating conditions and
ensure system security

Last line of defense to improve system security and prevent


disturbance propagation - Could help better utilize system
margins

Stabilize System for Equipment Outages, N-2 or beyond


Prevent overloading of the lines
Arrest voltage decline
Initiate pre-planned separation of the power system, etc.

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

SIPS Purpose
Initiate pre-planned,
automatic, and corrective
actions
Arms for pre-defined
outages
Activates pre-defined
actions

SIPS design is based on


studies of pre-defined
system contingencies for
variety of conditions

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

SIPS Design

500kV Main Grid

Scheme types

Event-based
Parameter-based
Response-based
Combination of the above

MJ
MJ

27kV,154kV radial
network

Communication; Voltage collapse detection


result

LS

Cost of different measures


Switching of shunt/FACTS devices,
start of gas turbines, etc.
preferable to system separation
and load shedding

MJ

MJ

Distributed vs. central schemes


Combined, scalable, multi-layer
approach recommended

Communication; Measured 500kV voltages

LS
MJ: Monitoring and Judging Unit
LS: Load shedding Unit

Requires coordination of SIPS in the grid


8th Symposium on Power System Management
Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Sub-Station
275,154/66

Sub-Station
275,154/66

SIPS Ingredients

Not intended to compensate for lack of other investments

Clear understanding of the requirements and consequences

Coordination with neighboring systems

High performance equipment

Emphasis on security vs.


dependability

FREQ.

59

58.5
58
57.5

Time (Seconds)

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

1429

1342

1256

1169

996

1083

910

823

737

650

477

564

391

-10

56.5

218

57
304

System testing

59.5

131

60

44.6

Designed for future expansions

60.5

24.6

61

7.33

Real-time measurements and


reliable communications

PG&E

61.5

Frequency (Hz)

Source:
Vahid
Madani,
System Frequency
In Northern
California
August 10, 1996 Beginning At 15:46:41 PST

PACI RAS Islanding - Intertie Separation

Automatically separates WECC Electrical


Grid into two islands: N&S
Separation by:

British
Columbia

Tripping all intertie lines at CaliforniaOregon border


Initiating the NE/SE separation scheme
when transfer is above 600 MW N-S

Washington

Oregon

Montana

Idaho

RAS has provisions for:


Generator tripping in Pacific Northwest
and California
Tripping pump and/or firm load in northern
and southern California

Alberta

Coordinated with other actions based on


outage type and loading

Wyoming

Nevada

Utah

Arizona

Colorado

New Mexico

PACI AC Corridor, 500kV


PDCI DC Link, 1000kV

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

Source: Vahid Madani, PG&E

Summary of SIPS schemes

SIPS/RAS can minimize system impacts when systems are


operated outside of reliability criteria

Fast changing operating conditions in power systems (ever


smaller security margins and capacity, aging infrastructure,
etc.)

Quickly changing enabling technologies for power system


control and protection, e.g. communications, controllers,
PMUs

Advanced analytical techniques are available for various


types of SIPS applications

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

A road map for future

Identifying critical relay elements affecting security


Creating a future-proof plan WAMS architecture
Matching communications to applications
Phased Optimal placement of PMUs
Determining critical system state at Control Center
Implementation of pilot projects
Gaining some experience from field installations

8th Symposium on Power System Management


Cavtat, November 9-12, 2008

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