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    Separation Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Naeem Shayan
    The document describes various methods for separating mixtures including filtration, crystallization, distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, and using a separating funnel. Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization recovers soluble solids from their solutions. Distillation separates solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation separates solids based on their ability to sublime. A separating funnel separates immiscible liquids based on differences in density.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Separation Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Naeem Shayan
    301 views48 pages
    The document describes various methods for separating mixtures including filtration, crystallization, distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, and using a separating funnel. Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization recovers soluble solids from their solutions. Distillation separates solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation separates solids based on their ability to sublime. A separating funnel separates immiscible liquids based on differences in density.

    Original Description:

    GCSE Chemistry

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    The document describes various methods for separating mixtures including filtration, crystallization, distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, and using a separating funnel. Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization recovers soluble solids from their solutions. Distillation separates solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation separates solids based on their ability to sublime. A separating funnel separates immiscible liquids based on differences in density.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    301 views48 pages

    Separation Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Naeem Shayan
    The document describes various methods for separating mixtures including filtration, crystallization, distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, and using a separating funnel. Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization recovers soluble solids from their solutions. Distillation separates solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation separates solids based on their ability to sublime. A separating funnel separates immiscible liquids based on differences in density.

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    of 48

    Methods of Purification

    (a)Describe methods of separation for the components of the


    following types of mistures:
    (i)solid-solid
    (ii)solid-liquid
    (iii)liquid-liquid(miscible)
    Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include:
    (i)Use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallization or
    evaporation
    (ii)Distillation and fractional distillation
    (iii)Paper chromatography
    (b)

    Pure Substances &


    Mixtures
    A pure substance contains only one
    type of substance, and is not
    mixed with any other substance.
    Are the following pure substances or
    mixtures?
    Clean tap water mixture
    100% orange juice mixture
    Distilled water
    Pure
    substance

    Methods of Purification
    Some terms :

    Solute - the solid that dissolves


    Solvent - the liquid that does the dissolving
    Solution - solid + solvent
    Residue - the insoluble solid trapped in the
    filter paper
    Filtrate - the liquid that passes through the
    filter paper
    Sublimate - the condensed solid produced
    during sublimation

    Methods of Purification
    The particular method used for
    separating any given mixture
    depends on the nature (eg.
    solubility, physical state) of its
    constituents.

    Filtration
    Used to separate a solid from a
    liquid in which the solid is
    insoluble
    mixture of
    solid and
    liquid

    residue

    filter funnel
    filter paper

    filtrate

    Principle of Filtration
    The separation works only if the particles
    concerned are of different sizes, such as larger
    particles of an insoluble solid and smaller
    particles of a liquid or solution.

    Principle of Filtration
    The filter material acts as a sieve which
    allows the smaller particles to pass
    through and keeps the bigger particles
    behind.

    Principle of Filtration
    Can a mixture of common salt and
    water be separated by filtration?
    Why?

    Filtration - large scale use


    Sand filters used in water treatment
    plants to remove solid impurities
    Dissolved substances and bacteria will
    not be removed

    Decanting
    Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid
    liquid is carefully poured away from the
    solid which is usually heavier and settles
    at the bottom of the container.

    Evaporation (Heating )to


    Dryness
    used to recover a soluble solid from its
    solution
    Only for solids that will NOT
    decompose on heating.
    Eg. sodium chloride (common salt) from
    salt solution

    Crystallisation
    used to recover a soluble solid from its solution
    for solids that decompose on heating
    Eg. Copper(II) sulphate and most other salts
    Steps :
    The solution is heated (evaporated) to
    saturation point OR heated to remove most of
    the solvent
    The saturated solution is left to cool; crystals
    are formed.
    The crystals are removed by filtration. To purify
    the crystals, they can then be washed with cold
    distilled water and dried between filter papers.

    Crystallisation - the Principle


    behind
    Substances are usually more soluble in hot
    water than cold water eg. more copper(II)
    sulphate will dissolve in water at 80C than at
    30 C.
    When the hot saturated solution is cooled, the
    cooled solution is unable to hold as much
    solute as when it was hot. The extra solute
    that cannot remain dissolved appears as
    crystals.

    Solubility & Crystallisation


    Solubility data for NH4Cl in grams/100 mL H2O
    30oC- 41.4 g
    50oC- 50.4 g
    70oC- 60.2 g
    90oC- 71.3 g
    If the water was heated to 90C, how much of
    the solute will be able to dissolve?
    If this hot solution is then cooled to 30 C, how
    much solute can the water contain now?
    Hence what is the mass of crystals you would
    expect to obtain?

    Separating a mixture of
    solids
    Method used depends on the nature of the
    solids :(1) If the mixture of solids behave differently in a
    particular solvent , that is, one component is
    soluble in it while the other is insoluble
    carefully choose a solvent that will dissolve only
    one of the solids
    Use water as solvent

    Egs. common salt and sand;

    naphthalene and sandUse methylated

    spirits as solvent

    Separating a mixture of
    solids
    Basic Steps :
    Dissolutio
    n

    Filtration

    Evaporation
    to dryness

    OR
    Crystallisation

    Separating a mixture of
    solids
    (2) Sublimation
    used when one of the
    solid sublimes
    Eg.
    mixture of iodine +
    copper;
    mixture of ammonium
    chloride +
    sodium chloride

    Separating a mixture of
    solids
    (3) Other methods :
    make use of the special properties
    of the substance
    Eg. mixture of iron filings and sulphur .
    use a magnet
    Bring a magnet to the mixture.
    The iron filings will be attracted to the
    magnet while the sulphur will be left
    behind.

    Separating the Solvent from the


    Solution
    Crystallisatio
    n
    Evaporatio
    n to
    dryness

    solute

    Distillation

    solvent

    solution

    Simple Distillation
    Some Terms Used :
    Distillate - the liquid that distils
    over
    Miscible liquids - liquids that mix
    completely to form a single layer
    Immiscible liquids - liquids that do
    not mix
    A solvent can be separated from a
    solution and collected by simple
    distillation.

    Principle of Distillation
    A liquid boils and turns into vapour at its
    boiling point.
    When the vapour is condensed, the
    (pure) liquid is obtained again.

    Simple Distillation
    2...vapourise.
    Thevapourrises
    uptheflask

    3.thecondenseris
    cold,sothevapour
    thermometer condensestoliquid
    water.

    flask
    seawater

    condenser

    Boiling chips
    1.Solutionis
    heated,causingthe
    solventto

    distillate

    4.Purewater
    dripsintothe
    beaker.Itis
    distilled
    water.

    Simple Distillation
    thermometer
    Water out

    flask
    seawater
    Boiling chips
    Tomaintaineven
    boiling,withnot
    toomuchbumping

    condenser

    Water in

    Liebig Condenser
    Vapour enters

    Condensed vapour in liquid


    form (distillate) leaves

    Direction of water flow


    Water
    out

    Cold
    water in

    Water flows in anti-current to the flow of vapour.

    Liebig Condenser
    Vapour enters

    Condensed vapour in liquid


    form (distillate) leaves

    Direction of water flow


    Water
    Cold
    Thisout
    is to make sure the coldest part
    of the
    water
    in

    condenser is just before the vapour escapes.

    Simple Distillation
    Simple

    distillation can be used to obtain


    water from salt solution
    water from copper(II) sulphate solution
    ether from a solution of sugar in ether

    Note :
    The liquid that distils over is called the
    distillate .
    The solid that remains in the flask is called the
    residue .

    Simple Distillation
    Qns. : Where is the thermometer
    placed? What is the reason for this?
    thermometer
    flask
    seawater

    condenser

    Boiling chips
    distillate

    Simple Distillation
    Thermometer placed at the side arm of the flask so
    that it records the temperature of the vapour as it
    enters the condenser.

    thermometer
    flask
    seawater

    condenser

    Boiling chips
    distillate

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    miscible liquids can only be
    separated by fractional distillation
    if they have different boiling
    points .
    Eg. mixture of ethanol and water.

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    Fractionating
    column

    flask
    Boiling chips

    thermometer
    Water out
    condenser

    Water in
    mixtureofethanol
    andwater

    distillate

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    2.Thefractionating
    columnispackedwith
    glassbeadstoincrease
    itssurfacearea.
    Vaporisationfollowedby
    condensationtakesplace
    manytimesasthe
    vapourisswept
    upwards.

    3.Eventually,the
    liquidwiththe
    lowerboilingpoint
    reachesthetopand
    distilsover.

    1.Whenheated,the
    liquidwiththelower
    boilingpointwill
    vaporizemorereadily.

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    4.Thetemperature
    staysconstantat
    78C.Whenallthe
    ethanolhasdistilled
    over,the
    temperaturereading
    risesabove78C.
    At100C,water
    startstodistilover.

    5.Thereceiveris
    changedtocollecteach
    distillateseparately.

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    Sketch a graph of temperature versus time
    to show the changes in temperature
    readings throughout the distillation.
    temperature

    100
    C
    78
    C

    time

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    Note :
    The glass beads in the
    fractionating column
    provides a large surface
    area so that condensation
    occurs more readily.
    The liquid with the lower
    boiling point distils over
    first, followed by the liquid
    with the next higher boiling
    point.

    glass
    bead
    s

    Separating miscible liquids Fractional distillation


    Note :
    If the liquids in the mixture
    have the same boiling
    point, fractional distillation
    is not possible.
    If the difference in boiling
    point is great, fractional
    distillation occurs readily.

    glass
    bead
    s

    Fractional distillation applications


    Fractional distillation can be used
    to separate : nitrogen and oxygen from liquid air
    the components of crude oil
    ethanol from fermented liquor

    Fractional distillation of crude


    oil

    Separating immiscible
    liquids
    A separating funnel
    can be used to separate
    two immiscible liquids.
    Eg. water and petrol.
    This method can be
    used to separate :
    a mixture of petrol
    and water
    engine oil and water

    The main points so far


    Mixture
    s
    solid +
    (Solid INSOLUBLE
    in
    liquid
    liquid)

    Filtration

    Residue
    (solid)

    Filtrate
    (liquid)

    liquid + liquid
    solid +
    solid

    The main points so far


    Mixture
    s
    solid +
    (Solid
    SOLUBLE
    liquid
    in liquid)

    Simple
    Distillation

    Residue
    (solid/
    solute)

    Distillate
    (liquid/
    solvent)

    liquid + liquid
    solid +
    solid

    The main points so far


    Mixture
    s
    solid +
    solution
    Filtration

    Residue
    (insoluble
    solid)

    Filtrate
    (solution)

    YES
    Add
    suitable
    solvent

    liquid + liquid
    solid +
    solid
    Difference
    in
    solubility?

    Crystallisatio
    n

    Crystals
    (soluble
    solid)

    The main points so far


    Mixture
    s
    solid +
    solution
    Filtration
    Crystallisatio
    n

    YES
    Add
    suitable
    solvent

    liquid + liquid
    solid +
    solid
    Difference
    in
    solubility?

    NO
    Other physical
    difference?

    Sublimatio
    n
    Egs.

    Using
    magnet

    The main points so far


    Mixture
    s
    Fractional
    distillation

    liquid + liquid
    miscible
    liquids
    (different
    boiling
    pts.)

    immiscible
    liquids

    Separating
    funnel

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