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    Hidrogeokimia - Isotop

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    Fithriyani 'uji' Fauziyyah
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses. Common isotopes studied in hydrology include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Isotopic ratios are expressed relative to standards and can be used as tracers to study hydrological processes. This document discusses oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation and how their ratios vary with elevation and location. It also discusses using isotopes like tritium to date groundwater and how isotope ratios are impacted by water-rock interactions, evaporation, and other natural processes. Isotopes are a valuable tool in hydrology for understanding the origin and flow of water when traditional methods provide ambiguous results.

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    Hidrogeokimia - Isotop

    Uploaded by

    Fithriyani 'uji' Fauziyyah
    61 views42 pages
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses. Common isotopes studied in hydrology include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Isotopic ratios are expressed relative to standards and can be used as tracers to study hydrological processes. This document discusses oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation and how their ratios vary with elevation and location. It also discusses using isotopes like tritium to date groundwater and how isotope ratios are impacted by water-rock interactions, evaporation, and other natural processes. Isotopes are a valuable tool in hydrology for understanding the origin and flow of water when traditional methods provide ambiguous results.

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    Hidrogeokimia - isotop

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    Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses. Common isotopes studied in hydrology include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Isotopic ratios are expressed relative to standards and can be used as tracers to study hydrological processes. This document discusses oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation and how their ratios vary with elevation and location. It also discusses using isotopes like tritium to date groundwater and how isotope ratios are impacted by water-rock interactions, evaporation, and other natural processes. Isotopes are a valuable tool in hydrology for understanding the origin and flow of water when traditional methods provide ambiguous results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    61 views42 pages

    Hidrogeokimia - Isotop

    Uploaded by

    Fithriyani 'uji' Fauziyyah
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses. Common isotopes studied in hydrology include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Isotopic ratios are expressed relative to standards and can be used as tracers to study hydrological processes. This document discusses oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation and how their ratios vary with elevation and location. It also discusses using isotopes like tritium to date groundwater and how isotope ratios are impacted by water-rock interactions, evaporation, and other natural processes. Isotopes are a valuable tool in hydrology for understanding the origin and flow of water when traditional methods provide ambiguous results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    ISOTOPE

    Isotopes Defined
    Isotope = atoms of the same element with a
    different number of neutrons (different
    mass)
    Example: Oxygen Isotopes
    Name

    Electrons

    Protons

    Neutrons

    99.76%

    10

    0.20%

    16
    18

    Abundance

    BMayer

    BMayer

    Isotopic Ratios
    Variation in the abundances of these stable isotopes is

    very small
    Absolute abundances are difficult to analyze precisely
    For most studies the RATIO of abundances is sufficient
    Ratios can be determined about an order of magnitude
    more precisely than absolute abundances

    Measuring Stable Isotopes


    Stable isotope ratios are expressed as parts per thousand
    (per mil ) relative to a standard:
    General Expression:

    = [Rx/Rs -1] x 1000 = per mil ()


    Where:
    Rx = heavy isotope (18O) / light isotope (16O) in sample
    Rs = heavy isotope (18O) / light isotope (16O) in standard

    Environmental Isotopes

    Stable Isotopes

    Radioactive Isotopes

    Do not decay spontaneously (stable


    over time)

    Emit alpha and beta particles


    and decay over time

    Examples: 18O, 2H, 13C

    Examples: 3H (Tritium), 14C

    Used as Tracers

    Used for Dating

    TRACERS IN HYDROLOGY
    Of all the methods used to model hydrological

    processes, tracers (isotopic and chemical) have


    provided the best new insights into the age, origin,
    and pathway of water movement.
    They are among the few truly integrated measures
    of watershed function.
    Nevertheless, these techniques are not often used
    because the are seen as too complex, too costly, or
    too difficult to use.
    Kendall and McDonnell

    Isotope methods useful where traditional


    tools not helpful:
    Geological mapping of aquifer material
    piezometric data
    pump tests
    hydraulic conductivity
    major ion chemistry
    and hydrologic models
    give ambiguous results or insufficient information.

    Southwest Hydrologist, 2003

    There is a trend toward more routine use of


    isotope tools by hydrologists
    The cost of analyses is quite reasonable
    More and more commercial labs
    Cheaper and faster optical methods coming online
    One could possibly spend a few thousand dollars on

    isotopic analyses of water collected from existing wells


    to produce a first order answer to a question that
    alternatively could require

    several labor-intensive pump tests,


    additional borehole installations, and/or a
    groundwater model that relies upon extensive water level
    data.

    Southwest Hydrologist, 2003

    ISOTOP AIR STABIL

    kuliah hidrokimia

    12

    Isotop H, O, C and S banyak ditemukan dalam air


    alami dan penting dalam studi kimia air maupun
    proses kimia
    Hydrogen

    Oxygen

    99.984

    16

    0.015

    17

    H*

    ~10-16

    18

    Carbon

    Sulphur

    99.762

    12

    99.89

    32

    95.02

    0.037

    13

    1.11

    33

    0.75

    0.100

    14

    C*

    ~10-10

    34

    4.21

    36

    0.02

    Keberadaan radioisotop (3H and 14C) di alam sangat


    kecil (traces)
    kuliah hidrokimia

    13

    Isotope Air

    Air mengandung hidrogen and oksigen

    Ada lebih dari dua isotop hidrogen: 1H, 2H 3H dan


    isotop oksigen a.l. : 15O, 16O, 17O, 18O

    18O dan 2H dibandingkan dengan garis Viena


    Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW).

    kuliah hidrokimia

    14

    Nilai Delta

    Isotopic ratio (delta: ) ditulis dalam lambang


    positive atau negative deviations terhadap
    standar:
    = Rsample- Rstandard x 1000
    Rstandard
    unit dalam satuan parts per thousand or permil.

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    Nilai Delta

    Contoh oxygen isotopic ratio 18O/16O :


    18O = (18O/16O )sample- (18O/16O )standard x 1000
    (18O/16O )standard

    Nilai 18O -20%o artinya sampel memiliki nilai lebih


    rendah 20%o terhadap standard.

    kuliah hidrokimia

    16

    Meteoric Water Line

    Kunci dalam interpretasi interpretation d 2H dan


    d18O
    Air yang jatuh berada pada garis, diasumsikan
    berasal dari atmosfere
    Deviation terhadap garis disebabkan berbagai
    proses antara lain :

    Water/rock interactions (O only)


    H2S exchange reactions (H only)
    Open surface evaporation
    Condensation
    kuliah hidrokimia

    17

    Isotopic Reaction Paths


    20
    0

    H2S-exchange

    2
    H permil

    -20

    Silicate Hydration

    Evaporation

    -40

    -60

    CO2-exchange

    Water / Rock interaction

    Condensation

    -80

    -100
    -120

    MWL-12

    -14

    -10

    -8

    -6

    -4

    -2

    18
    O permil
    es-en

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    18

    Reaction Path Mata Air Tangkubanperahu

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    19

    Isotopic Water Line vs Mata Air


    Tangkubanperahu

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    20

    18O Air Hujan vs Elevasi Hujan Jatuh

    kuliah hidrokimia

    21

    Tritium (3H)

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    Konsentrasi Tritium Dalam Air Hujan


    Belahan Bumi Utara

    5 6 TU
    Daerah Tropis

    Belahan Bumi Selatan

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    23

    Kandungan Tritium Dalam Air Hujan di


    Jakarta

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    24

    KUALITAS AIRTANAH
    dan POTENSI PENCEMARAN

    kuliah hidrokimia

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    Catatan:

    Keberadaan ion / logam dan komposisi kimia


    ataupun sifat fisik airtanah disebabkan oleh :
    1. Interaksi airtanah dengan sistem alami
    (geologi) spt batuan, mineralisasi,
    penambahan beban (Pressure) dan
    aktivitas thermal
    2. Akibat mahluk hidup (aktivitas manusia
    terutama)
    kuliah hidrokimia

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    Gangguan Terhadap Airtanah:

    Gangguan terhadap ketersediaan airtanah:


    Pembukaan lahan (land clearing)
    Pembongkaran/ penggalian tanah
    Penutupan/ pengerasan permukaan tanah
    Pemompaan airtanah yang berlebihan

    kuliah hidrokimia

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    Gangguan terhadap kualitas airtanah:


    Erosi
    Limbah industri
    Limbah kegiatan pertambangan (limbah
    pengolahan, air asam tambang, dll)
    Penimbunan sampah (TPA, nuklir, B-3, dll)
    Ceceran/ bocoran minyak dll
    Ditergen/ pestisida/ herbisida/ pupuk, dll

    es-en

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    28

    Gangguan Terhadap Kualitas Air(tanah)

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    29

    SKEMA HUBUNGAN SUMBER PENCEMAR


    DENGAN AIRTANAH

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    30

    PENGELOLAAN AIR BUANGAN DARI TAMBANG


    (KOLAM PENGENDAP)

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    31

    Air Asam Tambang

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    Kolam bekas Tambang

    32

    PENGOLAHAN AIR ASAM TAMBANG

    Netralisasi pH

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    33

    Pencemaran leachate dari TPA

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    34

    Hidrokarbon (Oli bekas dan Ceceran BBM)

    es-en

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    35

    PENGELOLAAN MINYAK
    (HIDROKARBON) BEKAS

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    36

    ISOLASI BATUAN PEMBENTUK ASAM


    (PAF)
    Tanpa Isolasi

    PAF Diisolasi

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    37

    ISOLASI BATUAN PEMBENTUK ASAM (PAF)


    Minimize seepage of H2O

    Minimize O2 Diffusion

    Dry cover

    Top Soil
    Uncompacted Layer (NAF)
    Compacted Layer (NAF)

    NAF

    NAF

    PAF

    NAF

    NAF

    Wet cover

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    38

    Keruh
    Asam
    M.a.t. sangat dalam

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    39

    Complex Plumes

    Flow

    Clay Lenses

    Mainly DNAPL Residual


    Mainly LNAPL Vapour
    Primary LNAPL
    Secondary LNAPL
    Primary DNAPL
    Secondary DNAPL

    es-en

    kuliah hidrokimia

    41

    Laju Reaksi (beberapa contoh


    dalam airtanah pada kondisi
    normal
    P
    dan
    T
    Solute-Solute
    Solute-Water
    Gas-Water
    Hydrolysis of multivalent ions (polymerization)
    Adsorption-Desorption
    Mineral-Water Equilibria
    Mineral Recrystallization
    Secs

    Mins

    Hrs

    Days Months Years Centuries


    Reaction Rate Half-Life

    My

    Langmuir and Mahoney, 1984

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