Cognitive Abilities and Intelligence

Ability

Ability refers to the relatively stable

capabilities people have to perform a
particular range of different but related
activities.
Ability is relatively stable.
Abilities are a function of both genes and the
environment.

Cognitive Ability

Cognitive abilities are capabilities related to the

acquisition and application of knowledge in
problem solving.
Verbal ability refers to various capabilities
associated with understanding and expressing oral
and written communication.
Oral comprehension is the ability to understand spoken
words and sentences.

Cognitive Ability, Contd

Verbal ability, continued

Written comprehension is the ability to understand

written words and sentences.
Oral expression refers to the ability to communicate
ideas by speaking.
Written expression refers to the ability to
communicate ideas in writing.

Generally speaking, verbal abilities are most

important in jobs in which effectiveness
depends on understanding and communicating
ideas and information to others.

Cognitive Ability, Contd

Quantitative ability refers to two types of

mathematical capabilities.
Number facility is the capability to do simple
math operations (adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing).
Mathematical reasoning refers to the ability to
choose and apply formulas to solve problems
that involve numbers.

Cognitive Ability, Contd

Reasoning ability is actually a diverse set of

abilities associated with sensing and solving
problems using insight, rules, and logic.
Problem sensitivity is the ability to sense that theres a
problem right now or likely will be one.
Deductive reasoning refers to the use of general rules to
solve problems.
Inductive reasoning refers to the ability to consider
several specific pieces of information and then reach a
more general conclusion regarding how those pieces are
related.
Originality refers to the ability to develop clever and
novel ways to solve problems.

Cognitive Ability, Contd

Spatial ability refers to the capabilities

associated with visual and mental
representation and manipulations of objects in
space.
Spatial orientation refers to having a good
understanding of where one is relative to other
things in the environment.
Visualization is the ability to imagine how
separate things will look if they were put together
in a particular way.

Cognitive Ability, Contd

Perceptual abilities generally refer to being

able to perceive, understand, and recall
patterns of information.
Speed and flexibility of closure refers to being
able to pick out a pattern of information quickly
in the presence of distracting information, even
without all the information present.
Perceptual speed refers to being able to examine
and compare numbers, letters, and objects
quickly.

Table 10-1

Types and Facets of Cognitive Ability

Definition of Intelligence

Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity

of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with his
environment.
-Weshler
Mesurement of Adult Intelligence. 1939

Components of Intelligence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Understand complex ideas

Adapt to the environment
Learn from experience
Ability to reason
Problem solving skills

Theories of Intelligence

Early Theories of Intelligence

Charles Spearman
Believed intelligence is general
People who are bright in one area are usually
bright in other areas as well

L. L. Thurstone
Believed that intelligence is made up of seven
distinct, independent abilities
Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability,
verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning

Early Theories of Intelligence

R. B. Cattell
Identified two clusters of mental abilities
Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as
reasoning and verbal skills
Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and
visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice
visual details

While education can increase crystallized

intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect
on fluid intelligence

Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

Howard Gardners theory of multiple

intelligences

Logical-mathematical
Linguistic
Spatial
Musical

Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal

Gardners Theory of Intelligence

*Verbal/ Linguistic
*Visual/ Spatial
*Interpersonal
*Musical/ Rhythmic
*Logical/ Mathematical
*Intrapersonal
*Bodily/ Kinesthetic

The theory of multiple intelligences has

encouraged the idea that a person is not born
with all the intelligence they will ever possess.
In the rest this slide show, each of the
intelligences will be explained to give you a
better understanding of Howard Gardners
theory.

Linguistic Intelligence
Intelligence

~*Linguistic Intelligence*~
Gardner's Definition:
Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) is the capacity to use language, your native language,
and perhaps other languages, to express what's on your mind and to understand other
people.

Criteria Used for Linguistic Intelligence

Can understand words and manipulate the structure of language
Has highly developed communication skills including writing, speaking, and story-telling
Knows and correctly uses rules of grammar
Enjoys reading, writing, and speaking
Has a large vocabulary

This person learns best by:

Saying, hearing, and seeing words
Writing
Talking
Reading

These people would do well in these careers.

Author

Typist

Journalist

Novelist

Poet

Comedian

Playwright

Politician

Radio Announcer

Actor

Speech Pathologist
(one who interprets)

Activities These People Would Enjoy

Book reporting
Telling jokes
Writing words
Reading
Journal writing
Speaking

Letter writing
Storytelling
Discussing
Creative writing
Debating

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-mathematical intelligence is the
capacity to use numbers effectively and reason
well. Someone who has this kind of
intelligence is able to see cause and effect really
well; also, they are able to identify a problem
and solve it right there on the spot. People with
this intelligence think by reasoning, and they
love experimenting, questioning, figuring out
logical puzzles, and calculating.

What kinds of processes are used in the

logical-mathematical intelligence sequence?
Categorization
Classification
Inference
Generalization
Calculation
Hypothesis testing

Accountant

Careers

Economist

Auditor

Legal Assistant

Banker

Mathematician

Bookkeeper

Purchasing Agent

Businessperson

Science Researcher

Computer Analyst

Science Teacher

Computer Programmer

Statistician

Doctor

Technician

Spatial
Intelligenc
e

What is spatial intelligence?

Spatial intelligence is the brains
ability to perceive and interpret visual
stimuli. In other words, its how our
minds process what we see. Although
not very recognized, spatial
intelligence is very important in the
arts and in everyday life.

Possible Careers

Advertising Agent
Architect
Cartographer(Map
Maker)
Drafter
Engineer
Fine Artist
Graphic Designer
Fashion Designer

Interior Designer
Inventor
Painter
Photographer
Pilot
Sculptor
Surveyor
Urban Planner

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intelligence?
It is expertise in using ones whole body to
express ideas and feelings.
Examples: acting, dancing, sports, and using body
language
It is the ability to use ones hands to produce or
transform things.
Examples: sculpting clay and hands-on learning

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Thinking through physical sensations

Need

Love

Dancing
Running
Jumping
Building
Touching
Gesturing

Role play
Drama
Movement
Things to build
Sports and physical
games
Tactile (touchable)
experiences
Hands-on learning

Possible Career Choices

Actor
Athlete
Carpenter
Choreographer (creates
and arranges dances)
Craftsman
Dancer
Farmer
Forest Ranger

Inventor
Jeweler
Mechanic
Mime
P.E. Teacher
Physical Therapist
Recreational Director
Actress

What is Musical
Intelligence?
Being musically
intelligent means that you
are able to distinguish the
sounds around you and
that you have the ability to
make your own melodies.
Even if you are only
singing a song or making
music, you are using your
musical intelligence!

If you are musically

intelligent, you are able
to:
Perceive
Discriminate
Transform
Express
All kinds of musical forms

Types of Musical Intelligence

Figural
This means that you
are very intuitive about
the nature of music and
its creation.

and

Formal
This means that you
analytic and technical
about music and its
creation.

*Anyone can have either both or one of these forms *

Careers
This will give you just a taste for the jobs

Song Writer available inthis

Advertising
Agent
growing field.
Performing Musician Conductor
Film/Instrument
Piano Turner
Maker
Singer
Musical Theater Actor/ Composer
Music Teacher
Actress
Sound Engineer
Studio Engineer
Instrument Manager Music Therapist

Interpersonal
Intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner's Definition:
Interpersonal intelligence, (people smart), is
understanding other people. Its an ability we
all need, but is at a premium if you are a
teacher, clinician, salesperson, or a politician.
Anybody who deals with other people has to be
skilled in the interpersonal intelligence.

Interpersonally intelligent
people enjoy:

Understanding other's feelings

Person-to-person communication
Cooperative learning strategies
Receiving feedback
Group projects
Teaching someone else something new
Learning from someone outside of school
Acting in a play or simulation
Conducting an interview
Sensing others motives
Creating group rules
Giving feedback to the teacher or to classmates

Interpersonal Careers

Administrator
Anthropologist
Counselor
Manager
Nurse
Personnel Director
Politician

Public Relations
Salesperson
School Principal
Sociologist
Therapist
Teacher
Travel Agent
Religious Leader
Psychologist

What is intrapersonal intelligence?

Intrapersonal intelligence is self-knowledge and the
ability to act adaptively on the basis of that
knowledge. This intelligence includes having an
accurate picture of oneself (ones strengths and
weaknesses); awareness of inner moods, intentions,
motivations, temperaments, and desires; and the
capacity for self-discipline, self-understanding, and
self-esteem. Essentially, its how well you know
yourself.

 Program planner
Psychiatrist
Psychology Teacher
Philosopher
Researcher
Spiritual Counselor
Psychologist

Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911)

Identify children who could not profit from
normal public school instruction
Mental Age

If majority of children of a given age can

complete a task, the task requires that mental
age

Felix, MA = 8, CA = 8, MA/CA = 8/8 = 1

Xena, MA = 10, CA = 8, 10/8 = 1.25
Boris, MA = 6, CA = 8, 6/8 = 0.75

IQ = (MA/CA) * 100

Tests of Intelligence
Standford-Binet
Binet-Simon Scale
IQ
Ages 2-23

Four Subscales

Verbal
Abstract/Visual
Quantitative
STM

Weschler Scales
WAIS-R (Adult)
WISC-III (5-16)
WPPSI (3-7)

Two Subscales
Verbal
Performance

Other Tests: Raven Matrices, K-ABC

Distribution of Intelligence
IQ Range
130 and above
120 - 129
110 - 119
90 - 109
80 - 89
70 - 79
69 and below

Label
Very Superior
Superior
High Average
Average
Low Average
Borderline
Mental
Retardation

Percent
2.5%
6.5%
14.9%
47.4%
14.9
6.5%
2.5%

Extremes of Intelligence

Mental retardation
Refers to a wide variety of mental deficits
Defined as significantly sub-average general
intelligence functioning that is accompanied by
significant limitations in adaptive functioning
Some people with retardation show savant
performance on particular skills

Extremes of Intelligence

Giftedness
Refers to superior IQ combined with ability in
academics, creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
Globally gifted people are rare

Thank you
I hope you had an enjoyable learning
experience!!!!!