COMPUTER 1

BASIC COMPUTER &

PROGRAM CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION
COMPUTER
is a programmable machine designed to
perform arithmetic and logical operations
automatically and sequentially on the
input given by the user and gives the
desired output after processing

Computers can be generally classified by size and

power
Following are descriptions of several different
TYPES OF COMPUTERS:

Mainframe computers
Workstations
Personal computers (PCs)

Mainframe computers
are large-sized, powerful multi-user computers
that can support concurrent programs. That
means, they can perform different actions or
processes at the same time. Mainframe
computers can be used by as many as
hundreds or thousands of users at the same
time.
Large
organisations
may
use
a
mainframe computer to execute large-scale
processes
such
as
processing
the
organisations payroll.

Workstations
are powerful, single-user computers. They have the capacity to store and
process large quantities of data, but they are only used by one person at a
time. A workstation is similar to a personal computer but is more powerful
and often comes with a higher-quality monitor. In terms of computing power.
Workstations commonly support applications that require relatively highquality graphics capabilities and a lot of memory, such as desktop publishing,
software development and engineering applications .

Personal computers (PCs)

also called microcomputers, are the most popular type of
computer in use today. The PC is a small-sized, relatively
inexpensive computer designed for an individual user.
Computers may be called desktop computers, which stay
on the desk, or laptop computers, which are lightweight
and portable for a wide range of tasks, including word
processing, accounting, desktop publishing, preparation and
delivery of presentations, organisation of spreadsheets and
database management

Computer components are

divided into two major categories

1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE

Hardware

It is the physical machine itself

and its connected devices such
as, monitor, keyboard, m ouse
etc.

Software

Are the set of programs that

make use of hardware for
performing various functions.

Basic parts of the Computer Hardware

1. Input Devices
a) Keyboard
b) Mouse
c) Microphone

Basic parts of the Computer Hardware

2. Output Devices
a) Monitor
b) Speaker
c) Printer

Basic parts of the Computer Hardware

3. Storage Devices
a) Hard Disk
b) Memory (RAM)
c) CD / DVD drive
d) USB Flash drive

Basic parts of the Computer Hardware

4. System unit
a) Motherboard
b) CPU (Processor)
c) RAM
d) Power Supply
e) Hard Disk
f) Video Card

Basic parts of the Computer Hardware

5. Peripheral Devices
a) Printer
b) Web Camera
c) Scanner
d) USB Flash drive
e) Card Reader

Typical Computer Hardware

The Anatomy of a System Unit

Power Supply
The Power Supply is the heart of
the Computer. It is basically the
one that provides "power" to the
entire system. It's too easy to
remember...
Processor (CPU)
Others call this the Central
Processing Unit. I like to call it the
"processor" only. What does it do?
Simple... It processes every bit of
information. It's basically the brain
of the PC.

The Anatomy of a System Unit

Memory Stick
This is a bit different from what
you see in mobile phones. To put
it very simple...The memory
handles data to be processed
before it goes to the CPU.
Video Card
The eyes of the computer. You
want your computer to run
smooth on games and graphics,
you need a decent video card.

The Anatomy of a System Unit

Motherboard
Basically this thing right here holds
every other internal component of the
PC. The motherboard (or simply
"mobo") is responsible for
communication between other parts
of the PC. I'll give a more detailed
look into this later.
Hard Disk Drive
Some people call this the HDD. This
is where your files will be stored. This
is equivalent to the Micro SD Card of
your mobile phone.

Back panel of a System Unit

Printer port

LAN
port

PS2 Mouse
port

Speaker /
headset
jack
Mic jack

PS2
keyboard
port
VGA port
(Monitor)

USB / Printer port

Characteristics Of Computers
S p e e d
A c c u r a c y
D i l i g e n c e
V e r s a t i l i t y
S t o r a g e C a p a c i t y

Speed

C o m p u t e r s wo r k a t a n i n c r e d i b l e s p e e d .

A p o we r f u l c o m p u t e r i s c a p a b l e o f
performing about 3-4 million simple
instructions per second.

Accuracy
In addition to being fast, computers are

also accurate. Errors that may occur

can almost always be attributed to
human error (inaccurate data, poorly
designed
system
or
faulty
i n s t r u c t i o n s / p r o g r a m s wr i t t e n b y t h e
programmer)

Diligence
Unlike

human beings, computers are

h i g h l y c o n s i s t e n t . T h e y d o n o t s u f fe r
from human traits of boredom and
tiredness
resulting
in
lack
of
concentration. Computers, therefore,
are better than human beings in
performing voluminous and repetitive
jobs.

Versatility
Computers are versatile machines and
are capable of performing any task as
l o n g a s i t c a n b e b r o k e n d o wn i n t o a
s e r i e s o f l o g i c a l s t e p s . Th e p r e s e n c e o f
computers can be seen in almost every
s p h e r e R a i l wa y / A i r r e s e r v a t i o n , B a n k s ,
H o t e l s , Wea t h e r f o r e c a s t i n g a n d m a n y
more.

Storage Capacity
Tod a y s c o m p u t e r s c a n s t o r e l a r g e
volumes
of
data.
A
piece
of
information
once
recorded
(or
stored) in the computer, can never
be forgotten and can be retrieved
alm ost instantaneously.

A computer system consists of mainly four

basic
units:
1. Input unit
2. Storage unit
3. Central processing unit
4. Output unit

A computer system consists of mainly four

basic
units:

Input Unit
This unit is used for entering data
and programs into the computer
system by the user for processing.
E x: k e y b o a r d , m o u s e , m i c r o p h o n e

Storage Unit
The
storage
unit
is
used
for
storing
data
and
instructions
before and after processing.
Ex: Hard disk, Memory (RAM)

Output Unit
The output unit is used for storing the
result as output produced by the
computer after processing.
E x: M o n i t o r ( L C D , L E D , P r o j e c t o r ) ,
P r i n t e r, S p e a k e r

Processing unit
The
task
of
performing
operations
like
arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data
and instructions from the storage unit and
makes all sorts of calculations based on the
instructions given and the type of data
provided. It is then sent back to the storage
unit
E x : I n t e l P e n t i u m , AM D , I n t e l C o r e P r o c e s s o r s

Processing unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) includes
the following:

1. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

2. Control unit (CU)

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

All calculations and comparisons, based on
the instructions provided, are carried out
within
the
AL U .
It
performs
arithmetic
functions
like
addition,
subtraction,
multiplication,
division
and
also
logical
operations like greater than, less than and
equal to etc.

Control Unit
Controlling of all operations like
input, processing and output are
performed by control unit. It takes
care of step by step processing of
all operations inside the computer

end

ASSIGNMENT for next week

Research the following and write it on 1 whole yellow pad

1. What are the types of software give the definitions

2. Give examples of each type and according to its use
3. In your own opinion: what is the role of the software in

your computer, why is it important

SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION
As you are aware, computer cannot do anything on its own.
It is the user who instructs computer; what to do, how to do
and when to do. In order to perform any task, you have to
give a set of instructions in a particular sequence to the
computer. These sets of instructions are called Programs

SOFTWARE

It refers to a set of programs that makes

t h e h a r d wa r e p e r f o r m a p a r t i c u l a r s e t o f
tasks in particular order

2 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

1. S Y S T E M S O F T W A R E
2. A P P L I C A T I O N S O F T W A R E

Software can be classified mainly

into following categories and sub-categories
1. S y s t e m s o f t w a r e
System software consists of a group
of programs that control the
operations of a computer equipment
including functions like managing
m e m o r y, m a n a g i n g p e r i p h e r a l s ,
loading, storing, and is an interface
between the application programs
and the computer

3 Typ e s o f S ys t e m
Software
Operating Systems
Data
Utilities

OS OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. MICROSOFT WINDOWS
2. MAC OS X used for Macintosh Computers (APPLE)
3. LINUX costless operating system (freeware)
4. ANDROID widely used OS for mobile phones
5. iOS for APPLE mobile devices
6. WINDOWS PHONE Microsofts OS for mobile phones

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(1) Windows Microsoft

Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates & Paul

Allen on April 4, 1975
The most popular Operating System for Desktop PC

200 million licenses are sold last 2014 for

Windows
8

List of Windows OS

W i n d o ws 9 5
W i n d o ws X P
W i n d o ws Vis t a
W i n d o ws 7
W i n d o ws 8 & 8 . 1
W i n d o ws 1 0

capable for touch

screen LED monitor

Windows 95 1995 -2000

Windows XP (2001 2005)

Windows Vista (2006 2008)

Windows 7 (2009 2011)

Windows 8 & 8.1 (2012 2015)

Windows 10 (2015 2016)

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(2) Mac OS - Apple computers

is a series of graphical user interface
based operating systems developed by
Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of
computer systems.

Mac OS X leopard

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(3) LINUX
is a Unix-like computer operating system
(OS) assembled under the model of free
and open-source software development
and distribution.

LINUX

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(4) ANDROID
is a mobile operating system developed by
Google, based on the Linux kernel and
designed primarily for touchscreen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablets.
It is the most popular OS for mobile
devices

ANDROID

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(5) iOS - APPLE

is a mobile operating system created and

developed by Apple Inc. and distributed
exclusively for Apple hardware. It is the
operating system that presently powers many
of the company's mobile devices, including the
iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. It is the second
most popular mobile operating system in the
world by sales, after Android.

iOS

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
(a) Operating Systems

(6) WINDOWS PHONE - MICROSOFT

is a family of mobile operating systems
developed by Microsoft for smartphones as
the replacement successor to Windows
Mobile

WINDOWS PHONE

WINDOWS PHONE

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
b) DATA
)is everything which is produced either by

the user or by programs (sometimes even

by the operating system) to store
information, e.g. a document file produced
by Microsoft Word is data, a downloaded
web page is data.

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
c) UTILIT IES

These are programs that bridge the gap

between the functionality of an OS and
the needs of users. Utility programs are
a broad category of software such as
compress (zip)/uncompress (unzip) files
software, anti virus software, split and
join files software,

2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Software that can perform a specific task for
the user, such as word processing,
accounting, budgeting or payroll, fall under
the category of application software. Word
processors,
spreadsheets,
database
management systems are all examples of
general purpose application software.

TWO TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

a. Generalized Package
b. Customized Package

1.GENERALIZED PACKAGE
These are user friendly softwares written to
cater to users very general needs such as
preparing documents, drawing pictures,
database to manage data/information,
preparing presentations, play games etc.
It is a group of programs that provide
general purpose tools to solve specific
problems.

Some of the generalized packages are listed below:

1. Word Processing Software WordPerfect, MSWord, OpenOffice.org Writer
2. Spreadsheets: Lotus Smart suites, MSExcel,
OpenOffice.org Calc, Apple Numbers
3. Presentations : MS-PowerPoint, OpenOffice.org
Impress
4. Database Software: MS-Access,
OpenOffice.org
Base, MS-SQL Server, ORACLE
5. Graphics Tools: Paint shop pro, Adobe Photoshop,
Corel Draw
6. Multimedia Software windows media player, VLC
media player, movie maker software

1.Word processing software

The main purpose of this software

is to produce documents. MS-Word,

Word Pad, Notepad and som e other
text editors are some of the
examples of word processing
software.

2. SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE
The

spreadsheet software is used to

maintain budget, financial statements,
grade sheets, and sales records. The
purpose of this software is organizing
numbers. It also allows the users to
perform simple or complex calculations on
the numbers entered in rows and columns.
MS-Excel is one of the example of
spreadsheet
software.

3. PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
T h i s s o f t wa r e i s u s e d t o d i s p l a y t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e f o r m o f s l i d e s h o w.
The three main functions of presentation
s o f t wa r e i s e d i t i n g t h a t a l l o w s i n s e r t i o n
a n d f o r m a t t i n g o f t e xt , i n c l u d i n g g r a p h i c s
i n t h e t e xt a n d e xe c u t i n g t h e s l i d e
s h o ws . Th e b e s t e xa m p l e f o r t h i s t y p e o f
a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t wa r e i s :
Microsoft PowerPoint

4. DATABASE SOFTWARE
Database is a collection of related data.
The purpose of this software is to
organize
and
manage
data.
Th e
advantage of this software is that you
c a n c h a n g e t h e wa y d a t a i s s t o r e d a n d
displayed. MS-Access, dBase, FoxPro,
Paradox, and Oracle are some of the
e xa m p l e s
of
database
s o f t wa r e

5. GRAPHICS TOOLS
refers to a program or collection of
programs that enable a person to
m anipulate images or models
visually on a computer. These are
the application software which lets
the user to create and manipulate
any type of computer graphics with
the use of an operating system.

6.MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE
Media players and real players are
the examples of multimedia
software. This software will allow the
user to create audio and videos. The
different forms of multimedia
software are audio converters ,
players , burners , video encoders
and decoders.

2. CUSTOMIZED PACKAGE
T he s e ar e the a p plic a tio n s th at ar e
c us t om iz ed (o r d e v elop e d) to m e et
th e s pe c ific re qu ire m en ts o f a n
o rg an iz a tio n /ins titu tio n .
F or Ex a m ple : Stud e nt in fo rm a tio n
d eta ils , Payro ll pa c k ag e s , inv e nto r y
c on tr ol(PO S s oftware ), R ob o tic
En g in ee ring , Avia tio n , Sp a c e
Tec hn o lo gy,

SOFTWARE LICENSES
is a legal instrument (usually
by way of contract law, with or
without
printed
material)
governing
the
use
or
redistribution of software

FIVE TYPES OF SOFTWARE LICENSES

1. Freeware
2. Shareware
3. Commercial
4. Subscription-based
5. Private

1.FREEWARE
Is a software which is completely costless.
The producers of this software are either
public institutions such as universities, or
developers who do it for personal interest or
advertisement or private company who do it
for dumping reasons. Some examples are:
Skype or Linux operating system, Libre
Office, Browsers ( mozilla & Google
chrome)

2.SHAREWARE
Is a software which is initially costless but after a
certain period the user is asked to pay a fee or
delete it; or software which has two versions: a
free one, but incomplete or with advertisement
banners, and a complete advertisement-free one,
for which the user must pay. The most popular
examples are mobile phone apps

3. COMMERCIAL
Is a software for which the user has to
pay a license to use it.
C o m m o n e xa m p l e s a r e :
M i c r o s o f t W i n d o w s o p e r a t i n g s ys t e m
or Photoshop image editing program ,

4. SUBSCRIPTION-BASED
software for which the user pays a periodic

fee to use it. This software typically is also

offered on the web and in this case the
user does not have to care about
installation nor updates.
Example are: Microsoft Office 365 and
Photoshop Creative Clouds, Antivirus
programs,

5.PRIVATE
Is a software that is uniquely built, under
payment, for a specific customer to fit his
needs. Only the costumer may use it. A
typical example is the universitys studentscourses-exams-professors database system

THE END

PREPARE FOR A LONG QUIZ NEXT MEETING

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER COMPONENTS
BASIC PARTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
IDENTIFY PARTS OF A SYSTEM UNIT
BACK PANEL
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
BASIC UNIT OF COMPUTERS