COMPREHENSIVE

PRESENTATION ON

CONNECTED DIPOLE ARRAY

Under the Guidance of

Dr. A. R. Harish
Presented by

Abhishek kumar Awasthi

11204063

OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK

Study of Antenna array with following properties:

It should operate in 2-8 GHz frequency band.

It should have broadside radiation.

There should not be any grating lobes in the radiation

pattern.

Structure should be planar and compact.

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ANTENNA ARRAYS

Antenna Arrays are used to direct radiated

power towards a desired angular sector.
Response of an antenna array can be
controlled by :
Relative physical positioning
Relative electrical excitation

Classification of Antenna Arrays*

General classification
Uniform Array
Non uniform Array

Based upon radiation property

Broadside Array
End fire Array
Phased Array

Based upon excitation

amplitude distribution
Uniform
Binomial
Tschebyschef

*C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory: analysis and design second edition wiley india.
3/34

MUTUAL COUPLING IN ANTENNA ARRAYS

The electromagnetic interaction

between the antenna elements in
an antenna array is called mutual
coupling.
Mutual coupling affects an
antenna array in following ways:
Radiation pattern
Matching characteristic
Mutual coupling affect can be
characterized by either mutual
impedance or S-parameters.

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Array factor
Array factor quantifies the effect of combining radiating
elements in an array without the element specific radiation pattern
taken into account.
The overall radiation pattern of an array is determined by this
array factor combined with the radiation pattern of the antenna
element.

Grating lobes
Undesirable radiating lobes, with peak intensities comparable of
with that of desired beam, are known as the grating lobes.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR STUDY

Array classification

Mutual coupling

Array factor

Grating lobes

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CONNECTED DIPOLE ARRAY

In standard narrow band array designs, the objective is to keep low mutual
coupling between the radiating elements so that the performance of each element
is not too much altered.
In recent years a new approach has arisen in which mutual coupling is
intentionally introduced between the array elements *.
A connected array can be described as an array of slots or dipoles which are
electrically connected to each other.
This type of array is no longer composed of separated resonant elements but can
be considered as a single antenna periodically excited.

*R.C. Hansen, Linear Connected Arrays IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters, vol.3 2004
*C. A. Balanis, Modern Antenna Handbook
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INFINITE ARRAY

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INFINITE ARRAY
An analysis approach based on floquets
theorem# (periodic boundary or unit cell
approach) can be applied to large array
design in order to simplify the prediction
of
parameters
such
that
active
impedance and active element patterns.

These periodic boundary conditions

can also be applied in current EM
simulators (HFSS and CST Microwave
Studio).

Unit cell of a infinite array

Modeled in CST Microwave Studio

#R.E. Collin, Field theory of guided wave Megraw-hill book company 1960
#A. Bhattacharyya, Phased Array Antennas wiley interscience,2005 .
#D. Cavallo, A. Neto and G. Gerini, A Wideband(3 to 5GHz) Wide-scan Connected array of Dipoles
with low Cross Polarizations 6th European conference on antennas and propagation,2011
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FLOQUET THEOREM*
Floquet theorem is basic theorem for the theory of wave propagation in periodic
structures.
Let we have a differential equation

2
2
2

x
,
y

k
0 x, y 0
2
2
y
x

Where Q(x,y) is a periodic function in x and y direction with periodicity dx

and dy respectively.
Q x dx, y dy Q x, y

Then the general solution of equation (1) is given as

F x, y e

j k x0 x k y0 y

x, y

Where x, y is a periodic function in x and y direction with periodicity dx

and dy respectively
x dx, y dy x, y

F x, y Amn e
m

2m

j k x0
x
dx

2n
j k y0
dy

*R.E. Collin, Field theory of guided wave Megraw-hill book company 1960

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OUTLINES OF STUDY

In this study we tried to analyze various properties of connected dipole

array. We have taken a prototype structure from the literature#.
Our objectives are:
a) Analytical formulation of problem.
b) Verification of the result of this structure.
c) Study the effect of different parameter variation of this
structure.
d) Optimization of different parameters to get the highest
bandwidth from the structure.
e) Scaling of the parameter so that we can get same
response
to some other frequency band.

#D. Cavallo, A. Neto and G. Gerini, A Wideband(3 to 5GHz) Wide-scan Connected array of
Dipoles with low Cross Polarizations 6 th European conference on antennas and
propagation,2011
11/34

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF UNIT CELL

E and H fields are obtained by solving Maxwells equation with proper boundary conditions.
Analysis procedure is followed as given by B. Tomasic*. Comparison of their analytical result
with simulated result is shown below.
1000

0
simulated
analytical

-2

800
600

-6

Frequency (MHz)

Return loss (dB)

-4

-8
-10
-12
-14

200
0
-200
-400

-16

-600

-18
-20
100

400

200

300

400

500

Frequency (MHz)

600

700

800

-800

100

200

300

400

500

Active input impidance

600

700

* B. Tomasic, N. Herscovici and H. Steyskal , Analysis of periodic array of infinitely long slots fed by
12/34
connected dipoles IEEE,2008

STRUCTURE OF UNIT CELL

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SOLUTION REGIONS AND

BOUNDARIES
Side and front view of unit cell are shown in Fig.a and Fig.b respectively.

There are seven different regions for which solution of Maxwell's equation
required.
Boundary conditions must be satisfy at the boundary of each regions.

Fig.(a) Side View

Fig.(b) Front
View

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SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM

Analysis can be carried out for TMx mode and TEx mode separately then by the
help of superposition theorem total fields can be obtained.

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FORMULATION OF PROBLEM

For TMx mode:Hx 0

1
HA A

For TEx mode :Ex 0

1
EF F

A xA x

1
E A j A j
. A

F xF x

1
H F j F j
.F

Total fields are given as:-

E E A EF

H HA HF
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 a1mn' sin k mn z mn x, y 0 z h

a 2 ' e jkmn z b 2 ' e jkmn z x, y h z h w , d y y 0

mn
mn
d
mn
2

Ax 3' jk z
dy
jkmn z
3'
mn
bmne
mn x, y h z h wd ,0 y
amne
2

4 ' jkmn z
amn
e
mn x, y z h wd

"
a1mn
cos k mn z mn x, y 0 z h

a 2" e jkmn z b 2" e jkmn z x, y h z h w , d y y 0

mn
mn
d
mn
2

Fx 3" jk z
dy
3" jkmn z
mn
bmn e
mn x, y h z h wd ,0 y
amne
2

4" jkmn z
amn
e
mn x, y z h wd

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1
j k xk y
mn x, y
e xm yn
d xd y
k xm k x 0

2m
dx

k yn k y 0

Ey j

2
2
k mn k 2 k xm
k yn

k y 0 sin 0 sin 0

k x 0 sin 0 cos 0

Ex j

2 n
dy

Ax

k
2
x

1 Ax 1 Fx

xy z
2

1 2 Ax 1 Fx
Ez j

xz y

1
Hx j

2
2

k Fx
2

1 Ax
1 2 Fx
Hy
j
z
xy
1 Ax
1 2 Fx
Hz
j
y
xz
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Surface current densities on dipole and connecting strips are given as

J x x, z m e
m

jk xm x

l
q z cos
wd

i

w
m
i
d
i
mi e jk xm x q z sin
m
i
wd

jk x
q z sin
mi e

xm

J z x, z

zh

wd wd

zh
2
2

wd
2

wd
zh
2

wd

wd

dx
d
x
2
2

d
dx
x
2
2

where

h z h wd ,

elsewhere

q z

d
dx
x
2
2

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There are twelve sets of vector potential expansion coefficient amn and bmn , and
two sets of current density coefficients mi and m .
With the help of boundary condition we can obtain fourteen equation of these
coefficient.
With the know input current the active input impedance can be determined from
the equation below.
V
Ei d
Z a k x0 , k y0 i
h w
Ii
wd
J x x, z dxdz
d h
d

the active reflection coefficient is

a k x 0 , k y 0

Z a k x0 , k y0 Z c

Z a k x0 , k y0 Z c

where Zc is the characteristic impedance of the feed line.

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PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INFINITE ARRAY

S11 Vs frequency curve by varying the unit cell

size dx and dy.

S11 Vs frequency curve by varying the dipole width w.

S11 Vs frequency curve by varying the

height of dipole from the ground h.

S11 Vs frequency curve by varying the dipole feed

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gap d.

OBSERVATION OF PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INFINITE

ARRAY

Due to variation of any parameter reflection coefficient changes but it varies

only at one end of frequency band.
Bandwidth of the structure is changed by varying the parameter values.
Best possible values for all parameter is selected to get largest bandwidth.

Next objective is to get this bandwidth any where in the frequency band by

scaling the dimensions of the unit cell

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SCALING OF INFINITE ARRAY

All dimensions are scaled with a new parameter which is
corresponding to the frequency of upper edge of bandwidth.

d (gap between dipole)

0.1683*

dx (unit cell size)

0.4867*

dy (unit cell size)

g (cps gap for balance feed)

0.4237*
0.112*

t (substrate thickness)

0.8mm

w (dipole width)

0.3233*

ws (rectangular strip width)

h (height of the dipole from
the ground)

wavelength

0.005*
0.410*
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percentage bandwidth

BANDWIDTH VS. WAVELENGTH

135
130
125
120
115

50

100

150
200
wavelength in mm

250

300

50

100

150
200
wavelength in mm

250

300

bandwidth in ratio

5
4.5
4
3.5

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FINITE ARRAY

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ELEMENTS POSITION

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S-PARAMETER OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF 17X17

ARRAY

S11of elements close to centre element

S11of elements from centre element to

edge element

S11of elements from centre element to edge

element

S11of elements from centre element to

corner element(diagonal elements)27/34

RADIATION PATTERN OF 17X17

ARRAY

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RADIATION PATTERN OF 17X17

ARRAY

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RADIATION PATTERN OF 17X17

ARRAY

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CONCLUSION

Return loss of center element and close to center element are matching with the
infinite array results.
Return loss of edge and corner element is not matching with the result of infinite
array.
Radiation pattern is broadside and there are no grating lobes.

Frequency
(GHz)

Gain (dB)

16.8

24.3

28.1

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COURSE WORK SUMMARY

EE 642

Antenna Analysis and Synthesis

EE 648

Microwave Circuits

EE 649

FEM for Electric and Magnetic fields

EE 647

Microwave Measurement and Design

32/34

REFERENCES
[1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory: analysis and design second edition wiley india.
[2] R.E. Collin, Field theory of guided wave Megraw-hill book company 1960
[3] A. Bhattacharyya, Phased Array Antennas wiley interscience,2005.
[4] R.C. Hansen, Linear Connected Arrays IEEE antennas and wireless
propagation letters, vol.3 2004
[5] C. A. Balanis, Modern Antenna Handbook
[6] D. Cavallo, A. Neto and G. Gerini, A Wideband(3 to 5GHz) Wide-scan
Connected array of Dipoles with low Cross Polarizations 6th European
conference on antennas and propagation,2011.
[7] B. Tomasic, N. Herscovici and H. Steyskal, Analysis of periodic array of
infinitely-long slots fed by connected dipoles IEEE,2008

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THANK YOU

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