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SESI 9 Measurement Variable, Scaling, Reliability and Validity

The document discusses measurement in research methods, including operational definitions, scaling, reliability, and validity. It covers different types of variables and scales as well as how to operationalize concepts and ensure good measurement through item analysis, reliability, and validity testing.

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Stevia Tjioe
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148 views15 pages

SESI 9 Measurement Variable, Scaling, Reliability and Validity

The document discusses measurement in research methods, including operational definitions, scaling, reliability, and validity. It covers different types of variables and scales as well as how to operationalize concepts and ensure good measurement through item analysis, reliability, and validity testing.

Uploaded by

Stevia Tjioe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11 & 12

Measurement of Variables:
Operational Definition
Measurement:
Scaling, Reliability, Validity

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Measurement
Measurement: the assignment of
numbers or other symbols to
characteristics (or attributes) of
objects according to a pre-specified
set of rules.

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

(Characteristics of) Objects


Objects include persons, strategic
business units, companies, countries,
kitchen appliances, restaurants, shampoo,
yogurt and so on.
Examples of characteristics of objects are
arousal seeking tendency, achievement
motivation, organizational effectiveness,
shopping enjoyment, length, weight,
ethnic diversity, service quality,
conditioning effects and taste.
Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Types of Variables
Two types of variables:
One lends itself to objective and precise
measurement;
The other is more nebulous and does
not lend itself to accurate measurement
because of its abstract and subjective
nature.

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Operationalizing Concepts
Operationalizing concepts: reduction
of abstract concepts to render them
measurable in a tangible way.
Operationalizing is done by looking
at the behavioral dimensions, facets,
or properties denoted by the
concept.

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Example

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Measurement: Scaling,
Reliability, Validity
A Scale is a tool or mechanism by which
individuals are distinguished as to how they
differ from one another on the variables of
interest to our study.
The Likert scale is a scale designed to
examine how strongly respondents agree
with a statement on a five-point scale with
the following anchors: 1= strongly disagree,
2= disagree, 3= neither agree nor disagree,
4= agree, 5= strongly agree.
Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Types of Scales
Nominal scale: is one that allows the
researcher to assign subjects to
certain categories or groups.
Ordinal scale: this scale not only
categorizes the variables in such a
way as to denote differences among
the various categories, it also rankorders the categories in some
meaningful way.
Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Types of Scales
Interval scale: allows us to perform
certain arithmetical operations on the
data collected from the respondents.
Ratio scale: not only measures the
magnitude of the differences
between points on the scale but also
taps the proportions in the
differences.
Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Rating Scales

Dichotomous scale
Category scale
Semantic differential scale
Itemized rating scale
Likert scale
Fixed or constant sum scale
Stapel scale
Graphic scale
Consensus scale

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

10

Ranking Scales
Paired comparison
Forced choice
Comparative scale

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

11

Goodness of Measures
Item Analysis:
Reliability: is a test of how consistently
a measuring instrument measures
whatever concept it is measuring.
Validity: is a test of how well an
instrument that is developed measures
the particular concept it is intended to
measure
Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

12

Validity
Content validity
Criterion-related validity
Construct validity

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

13

Reliability

Stability of measures
Test-retest reliability
Parallel-form reliability
Internal consistency of measures
Interitem consistency reliability
Split-half reliability

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

14

Rating Scales
Numerical scale: is similar to the
semantic differential scale, with the
difference that numbers on a fivepoint or seven-point scale are
provided.
Itemized rating scale:

Research
Methods

2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

15

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