INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMER
-An Over view.
P.K.PATTANAIK
E & MR Divn. OPTCL
Bhubaneswar , ODISHA
Electrical Concepts and Theories
Skeleton Chart
Instrument Transformers
Instrument
Transformers
Current Transformers (CT)
Voltage Transformers, Potential Transformer (VT,
PT)
VT/PTs are
again of two types
Magnetic/ Inductive Voltage Transformers
(MVT/IVT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT)
Field Instrument Transformers
Classification of CT
On the basis of winding
(Wound type)
(Bar type)
Bushing type
Ring type
On the basis of application
Measuring current transformer
Protection current transformer
Protection current transformer ( Special Purpose)
Single ratio multiple core transformer
Multiple ratio, multiple curent transformer
On the basis of insulation used
Air support
Dry type
Oil insulated
SF6 filled
General Description of Outdoor
Current Transformers
Outdoor CTs are basically of 3 types of
Dead Tank with U (Hair Pin) shaped
Dead Tank with Eye Bolt primary
Live Tank or Inverted primary CT
Different types of CT
Different types of CT (Contd..)
Live Tank CT
Live Tank CT Contd
1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4.
Metal box LV screen and
cores
5. Bar-type or wound type
primary
6.
Paper-oil insulation
7.
Porcelain insulator
8.
LV screens
9.
Secondary terminal box
10. Base
Dead Tank CT Hair Pin Shape
Dead Tank CT U Shape
1.
Dome
2.
Nitrogen filling
valve
3.
Primary terminal
4.
Collar
5.
Porcelain
insulator
6.
Primary
conductor with
insulation
7.
Adaptor cylinder
8.
Secondary cores
9.
Base
10.
Oil drain plug
Dead Tank CT Eye Bolt Shape
1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling
valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores
Eye bolt design
Eye Bolt Active Part Manufacturing
Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)
Primary steel pipe
Paper insulation
Seconday cores
Eye Bolt Design
Active Part Manufacturing
Magnetic Voltage Transformer
Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Oil expansion device
Capacitor elements
Capacitor column
Insulating oil
Insulator flange
Secondary terminal box
Inductance
MV Transformer
Damping circuit
Combined CT and PT unit
Optic Fiber CT
Application of Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer Principle
Current sensor
I2
I1
Current Transformer Principle
Current sensor
Multiple secondary
I2
I1
I2
Voltage Transformer Principle
Voltage sensor
Magnetic circuit (core)
Primary
Windings
U1
Secondary
Windings
U2
CVT Principle
CT Circuit Connection Principle
Polarity
and connection.
Star connection circuit
IR = I , angle( 0 )
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120)
IR+ IY+ IB= IN
CT Circuit Connection Principle
Delta
Connection Circuit (D11)
IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0
I1 = ( IR-IY) = 3 I, angle
(30 ),
I2 = ( IY-IB) = 3 I, angle
( -90 ),
I3 = ( IB-IR) = 3 I, angle
( 150 ),
CT Circuit Connection Principle
Delta
Connection Circuit (D1)
IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0
I1 =( Iy-IR) =3 I, angle(150 ),
I2 = ( IB-IY) = 3 I,angle
( 90 ),
I3 = ( IR-IB) = 3 I,angle (
-30 ),
CT Ratio Connection Principle
Ratio by primary control
P1
Connection Sequence
C2
Prim
C4
C1
(C1 + C2),
(C3 + C4)
(C5 + C6)
C6
C3
C5
P1
S1
S2
Seco
Current
Ratio
S1 S2
Lowest
(CTR1 )
(P1 + C1),
S1 S2
(C2 + C3+C4 +
C5)
(P2 + C6)
Middle
(2 CTR1
(P1 +C1 + C3+ C5) S1 S2
(P2 +C2 + C4+ C6)
Highest
(4CTR1
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Secondary control
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Both control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR
CTR due to Primary Link Control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR Contd..
CTR due to Secondary Link Control
Terms and Definitions used in CT
Current ratio error:- It is the ratio of difference of
transformation ratio to the actual ratio in CT
Phase angle error:- The angular displacement
between Secondary current and primary
current
Composite error :- The current in the circuit
contains harmonic waves, for which the error
due to different wave forms becomes
composite.
Accuracy Limiting Factor:- It is the factor of over
current above the rated current which determines
the capability of CT to maintain the error at such a
condition.
Meaning 0f 5P10:- indicates that the 5%
Terms and Definitions used in CT
ISF (Instrument Safety Factor) :- limit of
allowable primary current to flow in it up
to which the instrument can work safely.
Minimum Knee Point Voltage (Vk)
It is the point over and above which,
increase of 10% in excitation voltage
causes increment of exciting current of
50%
Maximum Excitation Current (Imag):- The
current required to identify the knee point
voltage
Rated Burden: -The loads connected on
CT
FAILURES
CT FAILURES
Violent failure due to arcing
CT under Flames
Reasons of CT Failures
Moisture
entry into solid insulation
Wrinkles in aluminium grading
Opening of secondary winding
Opening of tan delta point
Dielectric failure due to pre-mature
ageing
Other dielectric failures due to improper
wrapping of paper, improper flux
distribution etc.
CVT Name Plate and meaning of terms
CVT Failures
EMU Tank Transformer winding shorted
Failure of Bellow
Rusting of Coupling bolt and
moisture entry
Rusting of EMU Tank
Reasons for Failure of CVTs
WRINKLES
ON ALUMINUM FOIL
POOR SOLDERING QUALITY
POOR QUALITY OF PAPER (LOCAL
SOURCE)
PINHOLES IN BELLOWS
SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION
OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR
SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES
FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN
FLANGE AND EMU TANK)
RUSTING OF FLANGE
Reasons for Failure of CVTs
LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS
SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY
WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR
FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN
SECONDARY
ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS
MOISTURE ENTRY DUE TO POOR GASKET
QUALITY
Application of CT connection
Examples of CT/PT Circuit
Examples of PT Circuit
CONCLUSION
Current and Potential Transformers
are the sensors for electrical system
and play the most vital role for
protection and measurement
principle.
