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    Thermodynamics 1

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    Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including definitions of key concepts like system, properties, state, and units. It also summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics and some basic principles from the first law including different forms of heat, energy, and work.

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    Thermodynamics 1

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    Janicz Balderama
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    Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including definitions of key concepts like system, properties, state, and units. It also summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics and some basic principles from the first law including different forms of heat, energy, and work.

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    Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including definitions of key concepts like system, properties, state, and units. It also summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics and some basic principles from the first law including different forms of heat, energy, and work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    348 views33 pages

    Thermodynamics 1

    Uploaded by

    Janicz Balderama
    Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including definitions of key concepts like system, properties, state, and units. It also summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics and some basic principles from the first law including different forms of heat, energy, and work.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 33

    THERMODYN

    AMICS 1
    Introduction to
    Thermodynamics

    THERMODYNAMICS
    is

    that branch of the physical sciences


    that treats of the various phenomena of
    energy and related properties of matter,
    especially of the laws of transformation
    of heat into other forms of energy and
    vice versa.

    FOUNDERS OF
    THERMODYNAMICS

    Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)


    - founder of modern chemistry
    -analysis of combustion process
    - proposed the name oxygen
    Nicholas Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)
    - proposed the Carnot cycle
    Rudolf J. Clausius (1822-1888)
    -introduced the property called entropy
    Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
    - developed the thermodynamic temperature scale.
    James Prescott Joule (1818-1889)
    -established the equivalence of heat and work

    Carnot

    Kelvin

    Clausius

    J. Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)


    -established the effects of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, chemistry and mechanics.

    BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS,


    AND DEFINITION

    Fluid- is a substance that has the ability to flow and the


    tendency to assume the shape of its container.
    EX: Fuel (engine), steam (turbine), air (compressor), water
    (pump).
    Substance- is something that usually made up of molecules;
    sometimes atoms may be involved.
    Simple substance- is one whose state is defined by two
    independently variable intensive thermodynamic properties.
    Pure substance- is a substance that has a fixed chemical
    composition throughout.

    THE SYSTEM

    System- is that portion of the universe, an atom, a


    galaxy, a certain quantity of matter, or a certain volume
    in space, that one wishes to study.
    Boundary- it encloses the system. It may be imaginary,
    either fixed or moving.
    Surrounding/Environment- is the region all about
    the system.
    Free body- in analytic mechanics is a system in which
    the mode of analysis is based on Newtons law of motion.

    Closed system- is one in which there is no exchange of matter


    with surroundings- mass does not cross the boundaries but energy
    may have crossed it.
    Open system- is one across whose boundaries there is a flow of
    mass and energy.
    Isolated system- is one that is completely impervious to its
    surroundings-neither mass nor energy cross its boundaries.
    Homogeneous- is a quantity of matter that has the same
    chemical composition throughout.
    Mixture- phase boundaries separate the phases in what, when
    taken as a whole.
    Property- is any quantity that serves to describe a system.

    PROPERTIES AND STATE

    Intensive properties- are independent of mass such as


    temperature, pressure, and voltage.
    Extensive properties- are dependent upon the mass of the
    system and are total values such as total volume and total
    energy.
    Specific properties- are those for a unit mass, and are
    extensive by definition such as specific volume.
    State- for a pure substance, this refers to the condition as
    identified through the properties of the substance and is
    defined generally by particular values whenever a certain
    mass of the substance in this particular macroscopic state.

    SI UNITS

    Meter is the unit of length and is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation
    corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.
    Kilogram is the unit of mass and is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the
    kilogram, is the only base unit with a prefix.
    Second is the unit of time and is the duration of 9,192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation
    corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133
    atom.
    Ampere- is the unit of electric current and is that constant current which, if we maintained in a two
    straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross- section, and placed one
    meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per
    meter length.
    Kelvin- is the unit of thermodynamic temperature and is the fraction 1/273.16 of the triple point of
    water.
    Mole- is the unit of substance and is theamount of substance of a system which contains as many
    elementary entities as there are in atoms 0.012 kg of carbon C-12.
    Candela- is the unit of luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600,000
    m2 of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure 101 325 N/m2.

    BASIC PROPERTIES

    Mass in a body, it is the absolute quantity of matter


    in it, an unchanging quantity for the particular mass
    when the speed of the mass to be is small compared to
    the speed of light.
    Conversion units for Mass
    1 kg
    = 2.205 lbs
    1 slug
    = 14. 594 kg
    = 32.174 lbm
    1 metric ton = 1000 kg
    1 tonne
    = 2000 lbs
    1 kip
    = 1000 lbs

    Weight- is the product of mass and the local


    acceleration.
    W=
    where:
    m mass in kg or lbs
    g = local acceleration of the body.
    k = constant for conversion, kg m/s2/1N

    Conversion Units of Weights


    1 kgf = 9.80665 N
    1 lbf = 4.4482 N
    = 444 820 dynes
    1N = 105 dynes
    1 gmf = 980. 665 dynes

    Density- is the mass per unit volume of a substance.


    =

    Specific volume- is the reciprocal of density of a substance.


    =

    Specific weight is the weight per unit volume of the


    substance.
    =

    Pressure is the force per unit area.


    P =

    Fluid pressure is the pressure generated by a column of


    fluid.
    Pf =gh

    Absolute pressure is gage pressure plus the local atmospheric


    pressure.
    Vacuum Pressure- a negative gage pressure.
    Conversions Units of Pressure
    1 atm = 101 325 Pa
    = 14.7 psi
    = 29.92 in Hg
    = 760 mmHg
    = 1.033 kg/cm2
    = 1.01325 bar
    Manometer is a device that used to measure fluid pressures.
    Archimedes Principle- states that when an object immersed in a
    liquid, the liquid exerts an equivalent opposing force called buoyant
    force, which is usually equal to the weight of the object.

    Thermal equilibrium- Let two bodies be isolated


    from the surroundings but placed in contact with each
    other, if one is hotter than the other, the hotter body
    will become cooler and the cooler body will become
    hotter; both bodies will undergo change until all
    properties (e.g., pressure) of the bodies cease to
    change.
    Ice point- exists when ice and water are in
    equilibrium at a pressure of 101 kPa.
    Steam point- exists when liquid water and its vapor
    are in a state of equilibrium at a pressure of 101 kPa.

    THERMODYN
    AMICS 1
    Laws of
    Thermodynamics

    ZEROTH LAW
    states

    when two bodies, isolated from


    other environment are in thermal
    equilibrium with a third body, the two
    are in thermal equilibrium with a third
    body, the two are in thermal equilibrium
    with each other.

    1ST LAW OF
    THERMODYNAMICS
    known as Conservation of energy states
    that the energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

    Also

    The

    First Law of Thermodynamics is a balance of


    the various forms of energy as they pertain to the
    specified thermodynamic system (control volume)
    being studied.

    Energy

    can neither be created nor destroyed, only


    altered in form.

    2 LAW OF
    THERMODYNAMICS

    Second Law of Thermodynamics is general principle which


    places constrains upon the direction of heat transfer and
    the attainable efficiencies of heat engine. It can be stated
    in two ways:

    Clausius statement applied to Heat Pump-states


    that It is impossible to construct a heat pump that
    operates without an input work
    Kelvin-Plank statement applied to Heat Enginestates that It is impossible to construct a heat engine
    which operates a cycle and receives a given amount of heat
    from a higher temperature body and does an equal
    amount of work.

    3RD LAW OF
    THERMODYNAMICS
    States

    that the total entropy of pure


    substances approaches zero the absolute
    thermodynamic temperature approaches
    zero.

    THERMODYN
    AMICS 1
    1st Laws of
    Thermodynamics

    FIRST LAW OF
    THERMODYNAMICS

    Conservation of energy states that the


    energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

    HEAT, Q

    Form or amount of heat transferable from one body to another.

    Sensible Heat, Qs- heat that causes change in temperature


    without change in phase.
    Qs = mCt , Cp=specific heat capacity @ pressure constant
    Cv= specific heat capacity @ volume constant
    Latent Heat, Ql- heat that causes change in phase without
    change in temperature.
    Ql = mL,
    Lf=latent heat of fussion
    Lv=latent heat of vaporization

    ENERGY

    Capacity to produce an effect or simply


    capacity to do work.

    Conversion of Units
    1 BTU
    = 1055 Joules = 1.005 kJ
    = 252 calories = 0.252 kCal
    = 778.16 ft-lb
    = 1.055 x 1011 erg

    UNITS OF ENERGY
    1. BTU (British Thermal Unit)- amount of heat
    needed to change the temperature of 1 lb of
    water by 1 F from 60 F to 61 F.
    2. Calorie- amount of heat needed to change the
    temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C from 15.6 C
    to 16.6 C.
    3. Joule- represent to mechanical equivalent of
    heat, SI unit of heat and energy.
    4. ft-lb equivalent unit of heat in English unit.

    TYPES OF ENERGY

    Potential energy is the energy developed due


    to elevation from a certain datum.
    PE

    Kinetic energy is the energy due to motion.


    KE

    = mgz

    = mv2

    Internal energy energies that appear in


    several complex forms or simply the total energy
    stored within a system.
    U

    = mCvt

    TYPES OF ENERGY

    Enthalpy- is the sum of all the energies in a system


    H

    = mCpt

    WORK
    - is the transitional energy (not stored in a moving

    substance) crossing the boundaries of a system that


    could conceivably produce the one and the only
    effect of raising a weight.

    TYPES OF WORK

    Non Flow Work, Wn work due to internal effect


    brought by the change in volume.
    Wn

    = PdV

    Steady Flow Work, Ws work due to internal


    effect brought by the change in pressure.
    Ws

    = VdP

    Shaft work- the energy required to turn a shaft again st


    resistance.
    Flow work is a special form of that is significant for the
    moving stream or is the work done in pushing a fluid
    across a boundary, usually into or out of the system.

    POWER

    Is the amount of energy dissipated per unit time


    or work over time.
    P = E/t = W/t

    Units of Power
    1 HP
    = 746 Watts = 0.746 kW
    = 550 ft-lb/s
    = 33,000 ft-lb/min

    ENTHROPY

    Is the measure of the degree of randomness of


    the arrangement of molecules of the substance.
    S = Q/T , where: S = enthropy, Q= heat, T= temp.

    SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

    Is the thermal property that indicates the ability


    of material to absorb or reject heat.
    Cp = specific heat capacity @ constant pressure
    Cv = specific heat capacity @ constant volume

    SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT, R


    Ratio of the universal gas constant & the molecular
    weight of substance.
    = universal gas constant = 8.3143 kJ/kmol-K
    R= / MW , MW= molecular weight
    k= Cp/Cv, k= specific gas constant
    R = Cp Cv

    Constant of Air
    Cp= 1.0062 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 Btu/lbm-R
    Cv= 0.71867 kJ/kg-K = 0.1714 Btu/lbm-R
    R= 0.287 kJ/kg-K
    = 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R

    GENERAL FORMULA
    Closed System
    Q= U + Wn

    Open System
    Q= H + KE + PE + Ws
    Q= H + Ws

    H = U + PV

    Constant of Water

    Cp= Cv = 4.187 kJ/kg-K

    = 1 BTU/lbm-R

    Lv

    Lf

    = 2257 kJ/kg

    = 970 BTU/lb

    = 144 Btu/lb

    = 335 kJ/kg

    SAMPLE PROBLEM
    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    How much power is there in the kinetic energy of the


    atmosphere (density = 1.217 kg/m) at 56 kph wind velocity?
    Consider the section that passes through a 3 m in diameter
    circular area normal to the velocity.
    Calculate the heat transferred to 2.25 kg of iron to raise its
    temperature from 20 C to 240 C taking the specific heat of
    the iron as 0.46 kJ/kg-K .
    Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg-K of a gas if 522 kJ
    of heat is necessary to raise the temperature from 300 K to
    800 K making the pressure constant.
    A steam turbine receives 1,630 kg of steam per hour at 340
    m/s and 3,550 kJ/kg enthalpy. The steam leaves at 259 m/s
    and 3,020 kJ/kg. which of the following most nearly equals to
    the power output?

    SEATWORK
    1.

    Find the change in internal energy of 5 lb of oxygen gas


    when the temperature changes from 100 F to 120 F.
    Use Cv = 0.157 Btu/lb-R.

    2.

    What is the approximate value of temperature of water


    having enthalpy of 208 Btu/lbm.

    3.

    A perfect gas has a value of R= 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R and


    k=1.26 . If 20 Btu are added to 10 lbs of the gas at
    constant volume when the initial temperature is 90 F,
    find the final temperature.

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