Drive To Wheels

Drive to Wheels
Forces act during Driving
i. Driving Thrust,
ii. Side Thrust,
iii. Torque Reaction and
Iv. Braking Torque

F Driving force, F Reaction force, F
Braking force,
T Reaction Torque, T Braking
torque, T Acceleration Torque
d

Driving Thrust: The driving torque produced in the engine is primarily
responsible for producing driving thrust in the rear road wheels. It has to
be transferred from the rear axle housing to the chassis frame which can
be accomplished through, either
(i) A strong rear springs,
(ii) A thrust-taking member such as radial rod.
Side Thrust. The rear axle is invariably subjected to side thrust (or pull),
when the rear wheels experience any side load. Such situation arises due
to cornering force when the vehicle is negotiating a curve, or when the
vehicle is moving over uneven ground.
To combat the side thrust and to hold the axle in its desired position, the
following provisions are generally made.
(i) Taper roller or ball-thrust bearings are used for rear wheel, and
(ii) Panhard rod is used between the axle casing and the frame.
Braking Torque. The axle casing experiences the brake torque when the
brakes are applied to the vehicle. The brake torque is produced in a
direction opposite to the torque-reaction, since the braking effect is reverse
of the driving effect

Torque Reaction. If the rear axle is held rigidly when the road wheels are prevented from
rotation, (due to driving needs or road conditions) the bevel pinion of the final drive tends to
rotate around the crown wheel. It produces a tendency in the whole vehicle to rotate about
the rear axle or to lift-off the front of the vehicle. This effect is known as torque-reaction.
It gives rise to a force on the axle casing which tries to rotate it. This effect has to be resisted
otherwise springs, frames, and/or the propeller shaft will be stressed immensely. Therefore,
torque members are provided for this purpose which may be one of the following types.
(i) The stiffened rear springs
(ii) Radius rod
(iii) Spherically ended propeller shaft casing
Propeller shaft
The propeller shaft transfers the power drive from the out put
shaft of the front body mounted gear box to the unsprung rear
axle final drive, so providing the means of propelling the vehicle
forward or in reverse.
The propeller shaft consists of a low carbon steel tube, either
formed from rolled steel sheet which is then butt welded along its
seam or made from seamless drawn tubing.
Functions of a Propeller Shaft:
a. It transmits rotary motion of the gear box output shaft to the
differential and then to the wheels through the axle shafts.
b. It transmits motion at an angle which is varying frequently.
c. It accommodates changes in length between gear box and rear
axle.
The universal joint is a form of connection between two shafts, whose

axes intersect and may assume different inclination at different times.
This joint permit the rotation of one shaft about its axis by another shaft
which rotates about its own axis.
A constant velocity universal joint consists of two yokes with oval races,
four driving balls, a centre ball, a centre ball pin and retainer pin. The driving balls
are freely mounted in the grooves. The centre ball is secured on the pin in one of
the yokes. In this unit, the balls are the driving contact. They move laterally as the
joint rotates. The movement of the balls permits the point of the driving contact
between the two halves of the coupling to remain in a place which bisects the
angle between the two shafts. By this arrangement, the fluctuation in speed of the
driven shaft is avoided.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR
DIFFERENTIAL Gear mechanism
Rear Axle
Rear Axle half shaft

takes following Loads
Components of Propeller
Shaft
Hotch Kiss Drive
HotchKiss Drive
Forces act on Hotchkiss Drive
Torque tube Drive
Torque Tube Drive
Difference Between the Drives
Description
Hotchkiss drive
Torque tube drive
Number of universal joint
Two
One
Slip joint in propeller shaft
Needed
Not needed
Open
Enclosed within the torque tube
Posture of Propeller
Effect on propeller shaft
Spring support
Can bend, length changes Cannot bend, no change in length
One end fixed and the other in
Both ends in shackle
Shackle
Geometry of spring
Load on spring
Deflects
Does not deflect.
Torque and brake reactions,
Side thrust only
driving and side thrusts
Effect on final drive shaft
Position alters
No shift in position
Rear Axle
Semi Floating Axle
Various forces acting on the half

shaft are:
Side thrusts when a vehicle

negotiates a corner.
Shear
force
and
bending
movement due to weight of the

vehicle.
Twisting caused due to driving

and braking torques.
Such axle has been used on Tata

Sierra, Tata estate, Standard 20 van,
FIAT 1100 car etc
Three-quarter floating axle

The
Three-quarter
floating
axle
sustains the following loads:
Bending load due to side thrust

when the vehicle is cornering,
and
Twisting caused due to driving
and the braking thrusts.

It has been employed on various
Ambassador Car models
Full Floating axle
Difference Between the Axles

Description
Full-floating rear axle
Three-quarter floating
Semi-floating rear axle
rear axle
Cost
High
Medium
Low
Vertical load taken by shaft
Nil
Yes, by a single bearing placed
Yes, taken by half-
over the axle casing
Shaft.
Side load
Nil
Present
Present
Driving torque to the
Yes
Yes
Yes
Application
In heavy vehicles
More in cars
In medium vehicles
Bearing Placement
Over the axle casing
Over the axle casing
Within the axle casing
Number of Bearing fixed
2 Set of Taper Roller
1 Set of ball bearings
1 Set of Taper Roller
on half shaft wheel end.
bearings
Replacement of half shaft
Easy- - By removing the
Difficult - By removing brake
Difficult-By removing brake
after damage
hub cap and the
drum, the wheel and bearing
drum, the wheel and
coupling(Without Jack)
retainer plate.
bearing retainer plate.
wheels
bearings

Drive To Wheels

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Drive to Wheels

Forces act during Driving

Forces act during Driving

Forces act during Driving

Forces act during Driving

The universal joint is a form of connection between two shafts, whose

DIFFERENTIAL Gear mechanism

Rear Axle half shaft

Hotch Kiss Drive

Forces act on Hotchkiss Drive

Torque tube Drive

Torque Tube Drive

Difference Between the Drives

Torque tube drive

Number of universal joint

Slip joint in propeller shaft

Enclosed within the torque tube

Effect on propeller shaft

Can bend, length changes Cannot bend, no change in length

One end fixed and the other in

Both ends in shackle

Does not deflect.

Torque and brake reactions,

Side thrust only

driving and side thrusts

Effect on final drive shaft

Semi Floating Axle

Various forces acting on the half

Side thrusts when a vehicle

movement due to weight of the

Twisting caused due to driving

Such axle has been used on Tata

Three-quarter floating axle

sustains the following loads:

Bending load due to side thrust

Twisting caused due to driving

and the braking thrusts.

Full Floating axle

Difference Between the Axles

Full-floating rear axle

Semi-floating rear axle

Vertical load taken by shaft

Yes, by a single bearing placed

Yes, taken by half-

over the axle casing

Driving torque to the

Over the axle casing

Over the axle casing

Within the axle casing

Number of Bearing fixed

2 Set of Taper Roller

1 Set of ball bearings

1 Set of Taper Roller

on half shaft wheel end.

Replacement of half shaft

Easy- - By removing the

Difficult - By removing brake

Difficult-By removing brake