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Properties of Engineering Materials: Chapter 3

This document discusses the properties and structure of engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. It describes the crystalline structure of solids including unit cells, lattice parameters and the body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed crystal structures. It also discusses properties of polycrystalline materials and anisotropy in single crystals.

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Alaa Afaneh
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154 views52 pages

Properties of Engineering Materials: Chapter 3

This document discusses the properties and structure of engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. It describes the crystalline structure of solids including unit cells, lattice parameters and the body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed crystal structures. It also discusses properties of polycrystalline materials and anisotropy in single crystals.

Uploaded by

Alaa Afaneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of engineering materials

Chapter 3 -

materials

Metals (ferrous and non ferrous)


Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Advanced (biomaterials, semi
conductors)

Chapter 3 - 2

Properties

Optical
Electrical
Thermal
Mechanical
Magnetic
Deteriorative
Chapter 3 - 3

The Structure of Crystalline Solids


- Crystalline : atoms/ crystals
-Non crystalline or amorphous
-Solidification?

Chapter 3 - 4

Packing of crystals:
Non dense =random
Dense = regular

Chapter 3 - 5

Unit cell and lattice parameters


Unit cell : small repeated
entities
It is the basic structural unit or
building block of the crystal
structure
Its geometry is defined in
terms of 6 lattice parameters:
3 edges length (a, b, c)
3 interaxial angles

Chapter 3 - 6

Unit cell parameters

Chapter 3 - 7

Chapter 3 - 8

Metallic crystals
3 crystal structures:
Face-Centered Cubic FCC
Body-Centered Cubic BCC
Hexagonal close-packed HCP
Characterization of Crystal structure:
Number of atoms per unit cell
Coordination number (Number of nearest
neighbor or touching atoms)
Atomic Packing Factor (APF) : what fraction of
the cube is occupied by the atoms
Chapter 3 - 9

The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal


Structure
Coordination no. = ?
Number of atoms per unit
cell = ? ?
what fraction of the cube is
occupied by the atoms or
Atomic packing factor

Chapter 3 - 10

The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal


Structure

Chapter 3 - 11

APF = 0.68 solve ?


Relation between r and a

Chapter 3 - 12

Solution
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R
= 3a
atoms
volume
4
3
( 3a/4)
2
unit cell
atom
3
APF =
volume
3
a
unit cell

Chapter 3 - 13

The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal


Structure
Coordination no. = ?
Number of atoms per unit
cell = ? ?
what fraction of the cube is
occupied by the atoms or
Atomic packing factor

Chapter 3 - 14

The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal


Structure

Chapter 3 - 15

APF = 0.74 solve ?


Relation between r and a

Chapter 3 - 16

Solution
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R
= 2a
atoms
volume
4
( 2a/4)3
4
unit cell
atom
3
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell

Chapter 3 - 17

The Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal


Structure

Chapter 3 - 18

HCP
The coordination number and APF
for HCP crystal structure are same
as for FCC: 12 and 0.74,
respectively.
HCP metal includes: cadmium,
magnesium, titanium, and zinc.

Chapter 3 - 19

Examples

Chapter 3 - 20

Polymorphism

Chapter 3 - 21

THEORETICAL DENSITY
#atoms/unit cell

nA
Volume/unit cell Vc NA
(cm3/unit cell)

Atomic weight (g/mol)

Avogadro's number
(6.023x 1023 atoms/mol)

Chapter 3 - 22

Crystallographic Points,
Directions, and Planes

Chapter 3 - 23

POINT COORDINATES
Point position
specified in terms
of its coordinates
as fractional
multiples of the
unit cell edge
lengths
( i.e., in terms of X
a b and c)

Z
1,1,1

0,0,0

Chapter 3 - 24

Solve point coordinates (2,3,5,9)

Chapter 3 - 25

solution

Chapter 3 - 26

Crystallographic directions
1- A vector of convenient length is positioned such that it
passes through the origin of the coordinate system. Any
vector may be translated throughout the crystal lattice
without alteration, if parallelism is maintained.
2. The length of the vector projection on each of the three
axes is determined; these are measured in terms of the
unit cell dimensions a, b, and c.
3. These three numbers are multiplied or divided by a
common factor to reduce them to the smallest integer.
4. The three indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed
as [uvw]. The u, v, and w integers correspond to the
reduced projections along x, y, and z axes, respectively.

Chapter 3 - 27

Example

Chapter 3 - 28

Solution

Chapter 3 - 29

Z
[0 1 0]
[1 0 1]

Y
X

Chapter 3 - 30

Planes ( miller indices)


1- If the plane passes through the selected origin, either another parallel
plane
must be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate translation, or
a
new origin must be established at the corner of another unit cell.
2. At this point the crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels
each of
the three axes; the length of the planar intercept for each axis is
determined
in terms of the lattice parameters a, b, and c.
3. The reciprocals of these numbers are taken. A plane that parallels an
axis
may be considered to have an infinite intercept, and, therefore, a zero
index.
4. If necessary, these three numbers are changed to the set of smallest
Chapter 3 - 31
integers
by multiplication or division by a common factor.

example

Chapter 3 - 32

Solution

Chapter 3 - 33

Example : solve
Z

Y
X
Chapter 3 - 34

solve

z
c
z
c

a
x

y
Chapter 3 - 35

Crystallographic Planes
z

example
1. Intercepts
2. Reciprocals
3.

Reduction

a
1
1/1
1
1

4.

Miller Indices

(110)

example
1. Intercepts
2. Reciprocals
3.

Reduction

a
1/2
1/
2
2

4.

Miller Indices

(100)

b
1
1/1
1
1

1/
0
0

a
x

1/
0
0

1/
0
0

x
Chapter 3 - 36

Crystallographic Planes
z
example
1. Intercepts
2. Reciprocals
3.

Reduction

4.

Miller Indices

a
1/2
1/
2
6
(634)

b
1
1/1
1
3

c
c
3/4
1/
4/3

4 a
x

Chapter 3 - 37

FCC Stacking Sequence


repeated every third plane

A
B
C

Chapter 3 - 38

(HCP)

A sites
B sites
A sites

repeated every second plane

Chapter 3 - 39

Polycrystals
Most engineering materials are polycrystals.

1 mm

Chapter 3 - 40

The various stages in solidification of polycrystalline


materials.
Polycrystalline crystalline solids
composed of many crystals
or grains.
Various stages in solidification:
a. Small crystallite nuclei
b. Growth of the crystallites;
of obstruction of some
grains that are adjacent to
one another is also shown.
c. Upon completion of
solidification, grains that are
adjacent to one another is
also shown.
d. Grain structure as it would
appear under the microscope.
Chapter 3 - 41

Anisotropy
Physical properties (e.g., Elastic modulus, index
of refraction) of single crystals of some
substances depend on crystallographic direction
in which measurements are taken (i.e.,
anisotropy).
It results from variation of atomic or ionic
spacing with crystallographic direction.
Isotropic materials: Substances in which
measured properties are independent of the
direction of measurement.

Chapter 3 - 42

Chapter 3 - 43

X ray diffraction

Chapter 3 - 44

X ray diffraction

Chapter 3 - 45

Chapter 3 - 46

Case study: explain why?


Group of four . Dead line: 7/5/ 2016

BCC crystal structure, h+ k+ l must be even


FCC, h, k, and l must all be either odd or
even
Chapter 3 - 47

Chapter 3 - 48

Linear and Planar Densities


Atomic linear density:
LD = number of atoms centered on direction vector /
length of direction vector
Planar density: Fraction of total crystallographic
plane area that is occupied by atoms
(represented as circles).
PD = number of atoms centered on a plane / area of
plane
Linear and planar densities are important for
deformation
Chapter 3 - 49

Indices?

Chapter 3 - 50

notes
for cubic crystals

-Planes having the same indices, irrespective of the order


and sign are equivalent. For example, both (123) and
(312) belong to the family ( 123)

Chapter 3 - 51

Chapter 3 - 52

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