COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL
What is CNC ?
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
ADVANTAGES CNC MACHINE
The foremost advantage of CNC machine would be the HIGH PRODUCTIVITY
achieved by reducing the cycle time.
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
Achievement of high productivity
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY is achieved through
Automatic and rapid positioning of slides.
Increased material removal rates by employing increased spindle speed
and feed rates (which is enabled by the built-in power and rigidity of the
CNC machine structure.
Reducing the tool change time by using ATC and reducing job setting
time
by using APC.
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE
Higher positional accuracy and repeatability of machine part because
of the machine construction and the closed loop control system.
Higher flexibility for meeting frequent design changes with lesser cost.
Reduced inspection requirements and reduced scrap there by reducing
inspection and material cost.
Reduced labor cost (machine does not require Highly skilled labor)
Reduced inventory cost, (reduces the lead time of production).
Reduce the tooling cost. (do not require jigs, fixtures or templates)
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
DISADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE
Higher Investment cost (CNC machine is more
sophisticated and complex technology).
Higher Maintenance cost (CNC is more complex and
more accurate).
Need of trained personnel (Certain aspects of these
machine operations require higher-level skill than a
conventional machine).
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
1. METAL CUTTING MACHINES
CNC Milling
CNC Turning
CNC Drilling / Boring
CNC Gear Cutting
CNC Grinding
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
2. METAL FORMING MACHINE
Press Tools
Injection / Blow Moulding Machines
Die Casting Machines
Tube Bending
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
3. NON CONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS
EDM Sinking and EDM Wire-cut machines.
Plasma Arc cutting machines.
Electron Beam machining.
Laser Beam machining.
Ion Beam machining.
Ultrasonic machining etc.
INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES
APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
4. Welding machines (TIG, MIG, Submerged Arc welding etc.)
5. Inspection and Quality Control systems (CMM,LMM).
6. Assembly, Testing and Despatch equipments.
7. Tool and work handling systems
PART PROGRAMMING
MILLING
Program
Set of instructions which instructs the
machine tool about the processing steps to
be performed for the manufacture of a
component
Skills of a CNC Programmer
1. Programming Language
2. Blue Print Reading
3. Cutting Tool Parameters
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis
The axes of CNC Machines can be identified using the Right hand thumb rule.
Designating the Linear motions
First of all, Z motion shall be designated. This shall be followed by X and Y motions
respectively. Z motions either along the spindle or parallel to the spindle axis.
Designating the Rotary motions
A, B and C are the primary rotary motions. These motions are located about the
axis parallel to X,Y, and Z respectively
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
The graphical representation of a point on a two dimensional plane is known
as co-ordinate system
World co-ordinate system
Y+
(+ , +)
(- , +)
X-
X+
(+ , -)
(-,-)
Y-
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Absolute Co-ordinate system
In this system, the location of a point is specified by X, Y co-ordinate values
from a common reference point.
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Absolute Co-ordinate system
Points
P1
P2
50
P3
50
50
P4
50
50
P3
50
P4
P1
P2
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Incremental Co-ordinate system
In this system, the location of a point is specified by X, Y co-ordinate values
with respect to the last point (previous point).
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Incremental Co-ordinate system
Points
P1
P2
50
P3
50
P4
- 50
50
P3
50
P4
P1
P2
PROGRAM NUMBER
BLOCKS
WORDS
G, M, S, F, T, X, Y, Z, with numeral
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE:
O2456;
N10 G17 G21 G40 G90 ;
N20 M06 T01;
N30 M03 S2000;
..
..
..
N10
PROGRAM NUMBER
BLOCK
WORD
SEQUENCE NUMBER OR
BLOCK IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM NUMBER
The program number functions as an addressing symbol for accessing
the program.
The program number is expressed by 4 digit numerals prefixed by the
letter O.
Numerals from 0001 to 9999 can be used.
Example: O1234
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
SEQUENCE NUMBER
The sequence number is used search or call out the position being
executed.
Sequence number starts with the letter N followed by numerals up
to 5 digits.
N10
G00
X100
Y100
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
ADDRESS
Address is expressed in alphabets.
N10
G00
X100
Y100
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
DATA
Numerals succeeding the alphabets are called data.
N10
G00
X100
Y100
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
WORD
Word is the minimum unit for specifying the functions.
Word consists of ADDRESS and DATA
N10
G00
X100
Y100
INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
BLOCK
Block is the minimum command unit required to perform a process.
Block consists of WORD and DATA.
N10
G00
X100
Y100
BLOCK
G CODES AND M CODES
MILLING
G CODES
The address G identifies a preparatory command, often called as G code.
The objective of G code is to preset or to prepare the control system to a
certain desired condition, or to a certain mode or a state of operation.
For example, the address G00 presets a rapid motion mode for the machine tool,
the address G81 presets the drilling cycle, etc.
The term preparatory command indicates its meaning a G code will prepare the
control to accept the programming instructions following the G code in a specific
way.
MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES
Function
G00
Rapid positioning
G01
Linear interpolation
G02
Circular interpolation/clockwise
G03
Circular Interpolation / Counter clockwise
G04
Dwell
G37
Sub routine call
MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES
Function
G20
Input in Inch
G21
Input in mm
G28
Return to Reference Position
G40
Cutter Radius compensation cancel
G41
Cutter Radius compensation left
G42
Cutter Radius compensation right
MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES
Function
G43
Tool Length compensation + ve direction
G44
Tool Length compensation - ve direction
G49
Tool Length compensation cancel
G54
Workpiece co-ordination system 1 selection
G55
Workpiece co-ordination system 2 selection
G56
Workpiece co-ordination system 3 selection
G57
Workpiece co-ordination system 4 selection
G58
Workpiece co-ordination system 5 selection
G59
Workpiece co-ordination system 6 selection
MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES
Function
G90
Absolute command
G91
Incremental command
G98
Return to Initial point in canned cycle
G99
Return to R point in canned cycle
MILLING
ISO M CODES
M CODES
Function
M00
Program stop
M01
Optional stop
M02
Program end
M03
Spindle rotation clockwise
M04
Spindle rotation counter clockwise
M05
Spindle stop
MILLING
ISO M CODES
M CODES
Function
M06
Tool change
M08
Coolant ON
M09
Coolant OFF
M30
Program end and rewind
M98
Sub program call
M99
Sub program end
G00 Rapid traverse
When the tool being positioned at a point
preparatory to a cutting motion, to save time it is moved
along a straight line at Rapid traverse, at a fixed traverse
rate which is pre-programmed into the machine's control
system.
Typical rapid traverse rates
are 10 to 25m/min., but
can be as high as 80
m/min.
G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)
The tool moves along a straight line in one or two
axis simultaneously at a programmed linear speed, the
feed rate.
Tool length compensation (G43)
Different tools of different lengths are used in
machining any part. The lengths of the tools are not
considered in the part program. They are entered in the
machines memory, and are considered automatically for
each motion in the program depending on the tool that is
being used. The tool lengths in the Z direction are called
the Tool length offsets.
Tool length compensation (G43)
Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)
G54 Work co-ordinate system 1 selection
G55 Work co-ordinate system 2 selection
G56 Work co-ordinate system 3 selection
G57 Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
G58 Work co-ordinate system 5 selection
G59 Work co-ordinate system 6 selection
Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)
Canned cycles :
Canned or fixed cycles are programming aids
that simplify programming. Canned cycles combine
many programming operations and are designed to
shorten the program length, minimize mathematical
calculations, and use minimal tool motions.
Examples : drilling, peck drilling, tapping, boring,
back boring, spot facing.
Canned cycles :
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell (Counter bore
cycle)
G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
G84 Right hand tapping cycle
G85 Boring / Reaming cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G74 Left hand tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring cycle
Drilling cycle (G81)
Drilling cycle (G81)
Counter bore cycle (G82)
Counter bore cycle (G82)
Peck drill cycle (G83)
Peck drill cycle (G83)
Tapping cycle (G84)
Right hand tapping
Tapping cycle (G84)
Spindle direction in RH tapping
CW during infeed
CCW during outfeed
Feedrate = Spindle RPM x Pitch
Reaming cycle (G85)
Reaming cycle (G85)
G15 Polar co-ordinate command cancel
G16 Polar co-ordinate command
G16 X . Y .
X Radius of Pitch Circle Diameter
Y Angle of Hole Position
G68 Rotation ON
G69 Rotation OFF
G68 X. Y. R .
R Angle of Rotation
G50.1 Canceling a Programmable
Mirror image
G51.1 Setting a Programmable
Mirror image
G50.1 X. Y.
