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Notes/Lect 4 MMT

Here are summaries of the key points in 3 sentences or less for each question: Q1: A square aluminum bar experiences an axial tensile strain of 0.001; using its dimensions, Poisson's ratio of 0.33, and the relationship between axial and lateral strains, the decrease in volume can be calculated. Q2: A bolted joint experiences a force of 30 kN; using the diameter of the bolt and the definition of shear stress as force over area, the average shear stress across the shear planes can be found. Q3: A low-carbon steel plate needs a force P to punch a 2.5 cm hole using its thickness, shear strength, and the relationship between stress and strain; this

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249 views19 pages

Notes/Lect 4 MMT

Here are summaries of the key points in 3 sentences or less for each question: Q1: A square aluminum bar experiences an axial tensile strain of 0.001; using its dimensions, Poisson's ratio of 0.33, and the relationship between axial and lateral strains, the decrease in volume can be calculated. Q2: A bolted joint experiences a force of 30 kN; using the diameter of the bolt and the definition of shear stress as force over area, the average shear stress across the shear planes can be found. Q3: A low-carbon steel plate needs a force P to punch a 2.5 cm hole using its thickness, shear strength, and the relationship between stress and strain; this

Uploaded by

Keilla Romabiles Leopando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mechanics of Materials(ME-294)

Lecture 4:
Shear Stress and Strain

Shear Force and Stress


Imagine a tall stack of coins glued together on their faces. If
you pull on the ends of the stack, the glue will experience a
stress that is normal (perpendicular) to the face of each coin.
This stress is called Normal Stress.
If the glue is thick and tacky, maybe it will tend to stretch, and
you can see the coins gradually pull apart along the direction of
the applied load.

Imagine taking two coins that are glued together on their faces,
and try to slide them apart. Now the stress is acting parallel to
the glue instead of perpendicular to it. This stress is called
shear stress, symbolized by the lower case Greek letter tau, .
=P/ A
The units are the same as for normal stress because shear stress is
also force divided by area.

If a plane is passed through a body, a force acting along this plane is called a
shear force or shearing force.

Examples of Shear Stress


Sheet metal joints are often manufactured this way, with
adhesive bonding two lapped sheets to form a lap joint.
The load is parallel to the area under stress (the adhesive
in the shear plane between the two lapped panels).
If the sheet metal is held together with rivets instead of glue, then each
rivet is loaded in shear across its cross-section. The shear plane passes
through the rivet where the two sheets meet.
In a bolted joint, use a bolt with a smooth shank instead of a bolt that is
threaded along its entire length.
shear plane can pass through the smooth shank, which has a larger
cross-sectional area than the root of a thread, and therefore can
handle a higher applied load.
thread root also acts as a stress concentration site; yet another
reason for keeping threads out of shear planes.

Examples of Shear Stress-Punching Operations


One way to produce holes in sheet metal is by
punching them out with a punch and die
set.
The punch shears the sheet metal, so we can
use shear stress calculations to figure out
the stress in the sheet metal.
The sheared area is perimeter of the shape
that is punched times the thickness of the
sheet metal t.
The shear stress is the punch force divided by
the sheared surface.

A 3 mm thick aluminum sheet is cut with a 4 cm


diameter round punch. If the punch exerts a force of 6
kN, what is the shear stress in the sheet?
Solution: The punch will create a round slug, where the
cut edge is around the circumference of the slug. Think
of the cut edge as the wall of a cylinder with a height of
3 mm and a diameter of 4 cm.
The area equals the circumference of the circle times the
thickness of the sheet metal: A=dt.
Shear stress = P/ A
=P/ dt= 6kN/4cm3mm =15.9MPa

This equation can be solved for P in order to find out whether a press is
capable of punching out blanks of a given size in a sheet metal of known shear
strength.
Shear stress controls the design of torsion members.
Think of a round shaft as a series of disks glued together on their faces.
If you twist the shaft with a torque T, the glue will be loaded in shear because the
load is parallel to the face of each disk.

Deformations due to Shear Stress-Shear Strain


Consider a rectangular block loaded in shear.
The block will distort as a parallelogram, so the top edge moves an
amount .
Divide the distortion by length L perpendicular to the distortion
= / L
Like normal strain, shear strain is unitless.
Consider the angle formed between the initial and
loaded positions of the block.
From trigonometry, tan =/ L
The amount of strain in the cartoon is exaggerated.
For metals, concrete, wood, and most polymers,
angle is so small that tan if we measure the
angle in radians, therefore
=/L

Complementary Shear Stress


A shear stress is always
accompanied by a balancing shear
stress across the planes at right
angles, the balancing stress is
called complementary shearing
stress.
Sign convections for shear stresses:
Direct stresses or normal stresses
- Tensile +ve
- compressive ve
Shear stresses:
- tending to turn the element Clockwise (C.W) +ve.
- tending to turn the element Counterclockwise( C.C.W) ve.

Cartesian - co-ordinate system


In the Cartesian co-ordinates system,
we make use of the axes, X, Y and
Z .Let us consider the small element
of the material and show the various
normal stresses acting the faces
First sub script : it indicates the direction of the normal to the surface.
Second subscript : it indicates the direction of the stress.
It may be noted that in the case of normal stresses the double script notation
may be dispensed with as the direction of the normal stress and the direction of
normal to the surface of the element on which it acts is the same. Therefore, a
single subscript notation as used is sufficient to define the normal stresses.

Shear Stresses : With shear


stress components, the single
subscript notation is not
practical, because such
stresses are in direction
parallel to the surfaces on
which they act. We therefore
have two directions to
specify, that of normal to the
surface and the stress itself.
To do this, we stress itself. To
do this, we attach two
subscripts to the symbol ' ' ,
for shear stresses.
In cartesian the stress
components as shown in the
figures,x y yx , yz , zy , zx , xz

Elastic Constants
In the science of materials, numbers that quantify the
response of a particular material to elastic deformation
when a stress load is applied to that material, are known as
Elastic Constants.
Most of these constants arise as constants of proportionality
between stress and strain for various loading conditions.
They are the relationships that determine the deformations
produced by a given Stress system acting on a particular
Material, and within the limits for which Hooke's Law is
obeyed, these factors are constant:

Elastic Constants
Modulus of Elasticity :It is the ratio between
compressive stress and compressive strain or
tensile stress and tensile strain. It is denoted by E
E = stress/stain = / = t/t = c/c
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus :It is the
ratio of shear stress () to shear strain (). It is
represented by C, N or G.
C, N or G = /

Elastic Constants
Bulk Modulus or Volume Modulus of elasticity:
It is defined as the ratio of applied pressure (on each
face of solid cube) to volumetric strain. It is
represented by K.

K = p/v
Poisson's Ratio :The ratio of lateral strain to linear
strain is called Poissons ratio. It is denoted by or
or 1/m.
= lateral strain/linear strain = 1/m
The value of varies from 1/3 to 1/4 depending upon the
material.

A square steel bar 50 mm on a side and 1 m long is subject to an axial tensile force of 250 kN. Determine
the decrease t in the lateral dimension due to this load. Use E = 200 GPa and = 0.3.
SOLUTION: The loading is axial, hence the stress in the direction of the load is given by

The simple form of Hookes law for uniaxial loading states that E = stress /strain.

The ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain is denoted as Poissons ratio, i.e.,

The change in a 50 mm length is


t = 0.05 x 1.5x10-6 =0.0075 mm which represents the decrease in the lateral dimension of the bar.

Consider an elemental block subject to uniaxial tension


(see Fig.). Derive approximate expressions for the
change of volume per unit volume due to this loading.

Relation between the Elastic constants


Relation between E and G:
E = 2G [1+ ]
Relation between E and K:
E= 3K (1-2)
Relation between E, G and K:
E=9KG/ (3K+G)

Assignment#3
Q#1: A square bar of aluminum 50 mm on a side and 250 mm long is loaded by
axial tensile forces at the ends. Experimentally, it is found that the strain in the
direction of the load is 0.001. Determine the volume of the bar when the load is
acting. Consider = 0.33.
Q#2: Consider the bolted joint shown in Fig. The force P is 30 kN and the
diameter of the bolt is 10 mm. Determine the average value of the shearing stress
existing across either of the planes a-a or b-b.

Q#3: Low-carbon structural steel has a shearing ultimate strength of


approximately 300 MPa. Determine the force P necessary to punch a 2.5-cmdiameter hole through a plate of this steel 1 cm thick. If the modulus of elasticity
in shear for this material is 82 GPa, find the shear strain at the edge of this hole
when the shear stress is 143 MPa.

Q#4: Two 1.5-mm-thick strips of titanium alloy 45 mm wide are joined by a 45


laser weld as shown in Fig. A 100 kW carbon dioxide laser system is employed to
form the joint. If the allowable shearing stress in the alloy is 440 MPa and the
joint is assumed to be 100 percent efficient, determine the maximum allowable
force P that may be applied.

Q#5: One common type of weld for joining two plates is the fillet weld. This weld
undergoes shear as well as tension or compression and frequently bending in
addition. For the two plates shown in Fig. , determine the allowable tensile force P
that may be applied using an allowable working stress of 77 MPa for shear loading.
Consider only shearing stresses in the weld. The load is applied midway between the
two welds.

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