Session - 1

Basics Of Computers

Syed Waqar Azeem

A Desktop Machine

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A Computer System
Hardware
Software
User

User

Software
Hardware

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A Computer System (Contd.)

In general, a computer is a machine which
accepts data, processes it and returns new
information as output.
Processing
Data

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Information

Introduction to Computers

Software
Software is set of programs (which are step by
step instructions) telling the computer how to
process data.
Software needs to be installed on a computer,
usually from a CD.
Softwares can be divided into two groups:
- System SW
- Application SW
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Software (Contd.)
System Software
It controls the overall operation of the system.
It is stored in the computer's memory and
instructs the computer to load, store, and
execute an application.
Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators
DOS, Windows, Unix etc.
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Software (Contd..)
Application Software
They are Softwares written to perform specific
tasks.
The basic types of application software are:
word processing, database, spreadsheet,
desktop publishing, and communication.
Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook,
ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT
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Advantages of Using Computers

Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less
than a millionth of a second.

Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without

errors and very accurately.

Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any

task given to them repetitively.

Storage Capacity : Computers can store large

volume of data and information on magnetic media.

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History of Evolution Of Computers

Two Eras:
Mechanical Era (Before 1945)
Electronic Era (1945 - )

Can be divided into generations.

First Generation (1945 1954)

Second Generation (1955 1964)
Third Generation (1965 1974)
Fourth Generation (1975 - )

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Types of Computers
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:

Laptop / Palmtop
Micro Computer / Desktop
Mini Computer / Mainframe
Super Computer

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Language of Computers
Computers only understand the electronic
signals.
Either Current is flowing or not.
Current Flowing
: ON
Current Not Flowing : OFF
Binary Language
ON : 1
OFF : 0

Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB

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Computer Network
A Computer Network is interconnection of
Computers to share resources.
Resources can be : Information, Load,
Devices etc.

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Types Of Computer Networks

On the basis of Size:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.

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Benefits of Computer Networks

Information Sharing
Device Sharing
Load Sharing
Mobility
Fast Communication
Anywhere Anytime Banking

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Internet
Internet is a huge network of computer networks.
Internet provides many services:
Email
World Wide Web (www)
Remote Login (Telnet)
File Transfer (FTP)

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End Of Session #1
ANY Queries ??????

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CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

The central processing unit (CPU), also
known as just a "processor, is the "brain"
of your computer.
It contains various electronic circuits.

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VDU (Monitor)
This is the television-like screen where the results
of a computer's tasks are displayed.
Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly
they are either 15 or 17 inches
(measured diagonally from one corner of the
screen to the opposite corner).

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Keyboard
The keyboard looks like a typewriter.
It contains all the letters of the alphabet,
numbers and some special symbols.
It operates like a typewriter keypad, but
instead of moving an arm, which strikes the
paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the
computer, which displays a character on the
monitor.
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Mouse
Its

a device that is used to control the computer.

A cable connects the mouse to the computer.

When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a

mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves.
A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the
computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that
is used as a pointer) that shows you what the
mouse is referencing on the screen.
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Printer
A printer is designed to output information
from a computer onto a piece of paper.
There are three kinds of printers:
dot matrix, laser,
and inkjet.

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Scanner
A scanner is a device used to copy an image off
paper and convert it into a digital image, which
can be saved as a computer file and stored on a
hard drive.
Scanners can also use a special kind of
technology called Optical Character Recognition
(OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an
editable document file
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Session # 2
Inside The CPU Cabinet

A Look Inside.

Floppy

CD

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A Look Inside ..
power
supply

CD-ROM
drive
floppy
drive

cards

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hard
drive

motherboard

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A Look Inside
Identify all the major components:
Power Supply
Motherboard
Memory
Card Slots
Cards (sound, video, network)
CPU, heatsink and fan
Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM)

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What these components do.

Power Supply (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry
and devices.
Motherboard (body) acts as a manager for everything
on the computer connects all the other components
together.
CPU Central Processing Unit (brain) this does all the
work of computing.

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What these components do..

RAM Random Access Memory (short-term
memory) holds data and program instructions
that the computer is currently using.
Hard Drive (long-term memory) holds all of the
information that needs to be stored between
uses of the computer.
Floppy and CD-ROM drives (mouth/ears) allow
you to give data to the computer and take data
away from the computer.
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What these components do

Card Slots (fingers) Allows other components to
be added to the computer.
Video card (face) Does all of the processing
necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen,
quickly.
Sound card (vocal cords) Allows sounds from HD
or CD-ROM to be played.
Network Card (telephone) allows computer to
talk to other computers over a wire.
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Power Supply
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
Switching Transistors
Outputs + 5V, -5V, +12 V, -12 V
Typical Costs are:
ATX
Rs.700
Non ATX Rs.300
Usually, SMPS comes with the CPU Cabinet.
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Motherboard

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CPU
CU

A Single Chip

ALU

Memory
Registers

Examples: Intel Family Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium,

XEON, Itanium
AMD
-- Athlon, K62
IBM
-- Cyrix
Motorola -- 68000 Series
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RAM

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Hard Drive
We wont remove this.

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Floppy Drive

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CD-ROM Drive

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Ribbon Cables

polarized

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Video Card

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Sound Card

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Back of
Computer

Remove these screws

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End of Session # 2
Queries???

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CPU
The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain"
of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits
that cause the computer to follow instructions
from memory.
The CPU contains three main parts, all housed
in a single package (Chip):

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Memory
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BACK

44

Session # 3
Computer Peripherals

Major Peripherals

Keyboard
Mouse
Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
CD ROM
Printer
Scanner
Joystick

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Keyboard
Keypad contains:

Alphabets
Numbers
Special Symbols
Function Keys

qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard).

On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU.
Plug N Play device.
Typical Cost is Rs.300 Rs.1200

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Mouse
Pointing & Click Device.
Two / Three Buttons
Wheel / Optical Mouse
Normally Left Click Select/ Run
Right Click Popup Menu
Typical Cost is Rs.100 Rs1000

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Hard Disk
Magnetic Memory Device.
Non-removable storage device.
Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a
single case.
Data is stored as 1s & 0s.
Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB
Typical Cost is Rs.2200 Rs6000
Cost/Bit is Low.
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Floppy Disk
Magnetic Memory Device.
Removable storage.
A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic
material is packed in a protective plastic casing.
Typical size is 3.5 & Capacity is 1.44MB
Typical Costs are:

Floppy Drive -- Rs.300

Floppy Disk -- Rs.10

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CD ROM
Optical Device.
Removable Storage.
Read Only Memory.
Typical Capacity is 550 Mb 800MB
Typical Costs are:

Drive

-- Rs.1000

Disk Rs10 Rs.35

Related Terms:

CD Writer
WORM
CD RW
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Printer
Output Device, Produces Hard Copy
Types:
Dot Matrix
Inkjet
Laser
Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 Rs.2 lacs
Related Terms:
Impact Non Impact
Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle
Major Vendors in India:
HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc.
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Scanner
Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a
computer file.
Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc.
Optical Device.
Typical Cost Rs.4000 Rs.75000
Major Vendors in India:
HP, Umax, Cannon
Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces
editable documents.
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End of Session #3
Queries???

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Session - 4

Overview of Operating System

What is Operating System

OS is system software, which may be viewed as
collection of software consisting of procedures for
operating the computer.
It provides an environment for execution of programs
(application software).
Its an interface between user & computer.

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Computer Machine
(Hardware)
Machine Language
(Low Level Language)

Operating System
Human Understandable
Language (High Level
Language)

User / Programmer

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Types of OS
Multiprogramming OS
Multitasking/Multiprocessing
Multiuser OS
Time Sharing OS
Real Time OS
Distributed OS
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A Second Classification
This Classification is based on the type of interface
Operating System provides for the user to work in.
Character User Interface (CUI)
The User has to type the commands on the
command prompt to get the work completed.
Ex. DOS, UNIX.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

The User need not type any commands. He/She
just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the
work done.
Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux.
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Functions of OS

File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management

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Types of Processing

Serial Processing
The job is processed at the time when
it is submitted.

Batch Processing
The similar jobs are bunched together and
are kept for processing at an later time.

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MS-DOS Overview
MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System
It is a CUI based operating system.
It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:\) where
various command could be typed.
When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the
command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user.
It provides an environment for execution of various application programs
like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc.

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What is Command
It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.
When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing
with the operating system's command interpreter.
For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2"
floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type
C:\> copy a:\file.txt c:\
The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be
copied from one location to another
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Entering the DOS Environment

If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:\>)
If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or
open a DOS shell within the Windows environment.
Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment
Select Restart in MS-DOS Mode from Shut Down in
Menu.

Start

IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows

Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP)
Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98)

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Files and Directory

Files
A file is a collection of Records.
It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer.
Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be a
letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database.

Directory
A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows)
It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents.
A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the
various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called
personnel and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory
called loans.

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Filenames in DOS?

The filename in DOS have the following format.

<name>.<ext>
It has two parts the name and the extension.
The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3
characters.
The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot
contain any special character other than underscore (_) and also
no spaces.
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Organization of files in DOS

The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system.

Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain
both files and other directories.

There is always a directory which is not contained by any

other, called the root which is represented by the backslash '\'
character.

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Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)

Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating

all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the
backslash '\' character, and appending the file name to the end.

The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of

the path, separated from the root by a colon (':')

The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and

the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (51/4 inch).
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Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)

/

circulars

officer.txt

loans

personnel

new.dat

january

february

retire.txt

Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files

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rest.txt

abc.txt
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Some DOS Commands

dir: Listing of all the directories.
C:\> dir
cls: Clears the screen.
C:\> cls
copy con: Creates a file.
C:\> copy con <filename>
< Write your Contents Here>
Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing.
Ex:

C:\> copy con test.dat

Lets Make UCO a top class Bank.
Ctrl-Z (^Z)
1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system)
This will create a file named test.dat having some data.

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Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

edit: Edits a file.
C:\> edit <filename>
This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These
contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will
change.

type: Displays the content of a file.

C:\> type <filename>
This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could
only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit.

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Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

md: Make Directory.
C:\> md (directory name>
This will create a directory with the specified name.

cd: Change Directory.

C:\> cd (directory name>
This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory.

rd: Remove Directory.

C:\> rd (directory name>
If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use
this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the
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directory should be empty andIntroduction
user should
be on a directory above it.

Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

copy: Copies a file.
C:\> copy <source> <destination>
This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The
command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be
found on both the location.
move: Moves a file.
C:\> move <source> <destination>
This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination.
The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to the
destination.

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Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

ren: Renames a file.
C:\> ren <old filename> <new filename>
This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as
specified.
del: Deletes a file.
C:\> del <filename>
This will delete the file permanently from the system.

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Overview of Windows
Windows is an GUI based operating system.
It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by
Mr. Bill Gates.
Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of
Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.
It gives user a handy environment where he doesnt have to
remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case
in DOS.
The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the
screen.
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Folders and Documents

Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as
are the directories in DOS.
A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can
be made using any type of software.

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End of Session #4
Queries???

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QUIZ
1. Name any four devices of a Computer.
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen.
2. What is the job of CPU?
Central Processing Unit controls and
coordinates all the activities of the computer.

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QUIZ
3. What is the unit of measuring the speed of the
processor?
Mega Hertz or Kilo Hertz ( No. of CPU
Cycles/second)
4. What is a computer network?
It is interconnection of computers to make a
LAN,MAN or WAN.

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QUIZ
5. Name any three storage devices.
Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape, Compact Disk.
6. What is command to create directory?
C:\>MD <<dir-name>>

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QUIZ
7. What is Internet?
It is the network of networks.
8. What are different types of printers?
Dot Matrix Printer, Inkjet
Laser

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QUIZ
9.What is the use of Scanner?

It is used to copy the real

paper to
be stored as
the computer.

image
on
digital image in

10. Why Operating system is required?

It is required to provide the interface
between the user and the
computer.

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QUIZ
11.

What is the difference between

Primary
Storage and Secondary
Storage?
Primary Storage is temporary
storage,
fast and costly.
Secondary storage is permanent, slow and
cheap.

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QUIZ
12. What is MODEM. Why it is required?
It is Modulator Demodulator. It is used to
connect the PC to the Internet using Analog
Telephone Lines.
13.

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What is the maximum length

name in DOS?
First Name- 8 characters, Last
characters.
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file

Name- 3

84

QUIZ
14. What is the command in DOS to
contents of the file?
C:\> Type<<File Name>>

see the

15. What are the two types of Software?

Systems Software
Application Software

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