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Lesson 3 MATH13-1

This document is a lesson on polyhedrons from a math course. It defines key terms related to polyhedrons like dihedral angles, polyhedral angles, faces, edges and vertices. It describes different types of polyhedrons such as the five Platonic solids. It provides formulas for calculating properties of regular polyhedrons like total surface area and volume. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use the formulas to solve problems involving regular polyhedrons. Homework problems at the end involve calculating lengths, areas, volumes and other measurements of various polyhedrons.

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433 views23 pages

Lesson 3 MATH13-1

This document is a lesson on polyhedrons from a math course. It defines key terms related to polyhedrons like dihedral angles, polyhedral angles, faces, edges and vertices. It describes different types of polyhedrons such as the five Platonic solids. It provides formulas for calculating properties of regular polyhedrons like total surface area and volume. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use the formulas to solve problems involving regular polyhedrons. Homework problems at the end involve calculating lengths, areas, volumes and other measurements of various polyhedrons.

Uploaded by

akladffja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 3 POLYHEDRONS

Week 5
MATH13-1
Solid Mensuration

DIHEDRAL ANGLES

The dihedral angle is the angle formed


between two intersecting planes. In the figure
shown, the two planes are called faces of the
dihedral angle, and the line of intersection
between the planes is called the edge of the
angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

POLYHEDRAL ANGLES

A polyhedral angle is the angle formed by


three or more planes which meet at a common
point.

The common point is called the vertex of the


angle. The intersecting planes are the faces of
the polyhedral angle. The lines of intersection of
these faces are called the edges. A plane which
cuts all the faces of a polyhedral angle (except at
the vertex) is called a section.

A face angle is the angle at the vertex and


formed by any two adjacent edges. A dihedral
angle of the polyhedral angle is the dihedral
angle formed by any two intersecting faces.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

POLYHEDRAL ANGLES
ABCDE
Section:

Polyhedral Angle: polyhedral


angle V or polyhedral-angle
V-ABCDE
Vertex: V
Faces: AVB, BVC, CVD, DVE,
and AVE
Edges: AV, BV, CV, DV, and
EV
Faces Angles: AVB, BVC, etc.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

POLYHEDRAL ANGLES
A convex polyhedral angle is a
polyhedral angle in which any section
is a convex polygon.
Important Facts:
The sum of any two face angles of a
trihedral angle is greater than the
third face angle.
The sum of the face angles of any
convex polyhedral angle is less than

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

The projection of a straight line


upon a plane, not perpendicular
to the line, is also a straight line.
The angle that the line makes
with its projection on a plane is
called the angle of inclination
of a line to a plane.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

EXAMPLES
#1, p78: ABCD is a rectangle, with AB
= 8 in and BC = 6 in. CE is drawn
perpendicular to both CD and BC at C.
If EC = 4 in, find the length of AE.
ANS: AE = 229 in

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

SOLIDS
A solid is any limited portion of
space bounded by surfaces or plane
figures.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF


SOLIDS
The volume of a solid is the amount of space
it occupies. It has units of cubic length (i.e.,
cm3, m3, in3, ft3, etc.).
The surface area is the area of a threedimensional surface.
The lateral area of a solid considers only the
areas of the lateral or the side surfaces.
The total surface area includes both the
lateral area and the area of the bases (top and
bottom). Thus, the total surface area may be
defined as the total area of all surfaces that
bound the solid.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF


SOLIDS
The Cavalieris Principle
Given any two solids included between
parallel horizontal planes; if every right
section has the same area in both
solids, then the volume of the solids
are equal.
V = volume of first
1

solid
V2 = volume of
second solid
V1 = V2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF


SOLIDS
The Volume Addition Theorem
The volume of the region enclosed by
a solid may be divided into nonoverlapping smaller regions so that the
sum of the volumes of these smaller
regions is equal to the volume of the
solid.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

POLYHEDRONS
A polyhedron (plural polyhedra or
polyhedrons) is a solid which is
bounded by polygons joined at their
edges.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

POLYHEDRONS
Polyhedrons are called regular
polyhedra or platonic solids if
their faces are congruent regular
polygons and their polyhedral angles
are equal.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

TYPES OF POLYHEDRA
Numbe
Number
Number
r of
Polyhedron Faces
of
of Faces
Vertice
Edges
s
Tetrahedron
Triangle
4
6
4
Hexahedron
Square
6
12
8
Octahedron
Triangle
8
12
6
Dodecahedr Pentago
12
30
20
on
n
Icosahedron Triangle
20
30
12
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

TYPES OF POLYHEDRA

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

SIMILAR FIGURES
Two polyhedra are said to be similar if
they have the same number of faces
that are similarly placed, and which
corresponding polyhedral angles are
congruent. Corresponding dimensions
(lengths of lines such as edge, height,
etc.) of similar figures are also
proportional.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

SIMILAR FIGURES

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

FACTS ABOUT REGULAR


POLYHEDRONS
Regular polyhedrons of the same
number of faces are similar.
Number of edges:
Where p the number of polygons
enclosing the polyhedron and n the
number of sides in each polygon.
Number of vertices: v = e p + 2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

FORMULAS
Total
Surface Area:
Volume of a Regular Polyhedron
In any regular polyhedron, where d denotes
the dihedral angle between any two adjacent
faces, f the number of faces at one vertex, and
n the number of sides in each polygon,

where p denotes the number of polygons, and s the


length of an edge.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

EXAMPLES
#7, p91: Find the dihedral angle
formed by any two adjacent faces, the
total area and the volume of a regular
tetrahedron if the measure of one
edge is 10 inches.
ANS: TSA = 173.2 in2, V = 117.85 in3

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

3.1 EXERCISES
#7, p84: The sides of an equilateral triangle are
6 cm each. Find the distance between the plane
of the triangle and a point P which is 13 cm
from each vertex of the triangle. ANS: 12.53 cm
#9, p84: A plane bisects a 90 dihedral angle.
From a point on this plane 16 in from the
common
edge,
perpendicular
lines
are
constructed to the respective faces of the
dihedral angle. Find the length of each
perpendicular. ANS: 82 in
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

3.2 EXERCISES
#9, p92: Find the volume of a regular
dodecahedron if the total area is 2498
ft2.
ANS: 10200 ft3
#10, p92: Find the altitude of a regular
tetrahedron whose volume is 4862
cm3.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

HOMEWORK 3
3.1 EXERCISES: #s 3 & 10 pp. 83-84
3.2 EXERCISES: #s 3, 5, 7, & 11 p. 92

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by

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