Automated Attendance

System based on Facial

Asst. Prof. Chethan R

Team Members
Rakshitha Suvarna
S R Dhanush
Shreeraksha Shetty Sushmitha Acharya
4MW12EC059 4MW12EC065
4MW12EC075 4MW12EC088

Contents

Objective

Literature Survey

Methodology

MATLAB toolbox

Viola-Jones algorithm

Eigenface approach to face recognition

System implementation

Results and analysis

Pros and cons

Applications

Future scope and conclusion

References

Objective
In this project we aim to build an Attendance marking system with the
help of facial recognition owing to the difficulty in the manual as well as
other traditional means of attendance system.

Literature Survey

Eigenfaces for Recognition [1],(Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland)

Fast Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces [2], (Arun Vyas, Rajbala
Tokas)

Robust Real-Time Face Detection [3], ( Paul Viola and Michael J. Jones)

Methodology

Camera captures the image of a classroom

The faces are detected and cropped

Cropped images are processed using Eigen face recognition algorithm

The students whose faces are recognized are marked as present and the
results are transferred to an excel sheet automatically

MATLAB
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a
multi-paradigm numerical computing
environment and fourth-generation
programming language. Its one of the
easiest and most productive software
development
engineers.

environment

for

MATLAB toolboxes used

Image processing toolbox

Image acquisition toolbox

Computer vision toolbox

Spreadsheet Link Ex

Viola-Jones Algorithm

This is used for face detection process

Three basic steps of algorithm

1.

Integral image for feature computation

2.

Adaboost algorithm for feature selection

3.

Cascade classifiers

Integral Image
First step of the Viola-Jones face detection algorithm is to turn the input image into an integral
image. This is done by making each pixel equal to the entire sum of all pixels above and to the left
of the concerned pixel.
111
111
111
Input image
123
246
369
Integral image

Sum of gray value = D-(B+B) + A

AdaBoost Algorithm

As stated above there can be calculated approximately 160.000 feature values within a
detector at base resolution.

AdaBoost is a machine learning boosting algorithm capable of constructing a strong

A weak classifier is

mathematically described as:

Where x is a 24*24 pixel sub-window, f is the applied feature, p the polarity and t the
threshold that decides whether x should be classified as a positive (a face) or a negative
(a non-face)..

Cascade Classifiers

In stead of finding faces, the algorithm should discard non-face

Eigenface approach to Face Recognition

Face is a typical multidimensional structure and needs good computational analysis for
recognition

Many face features make development of facial recognition systems difficult.

This problem is solved by the method called Principal Component Analysis or so called
eigen face approach.

This approach transforms faces into a small set of essential characteristics, eigenfaces, which
are the main components of the initial set of learning images (training set).

Recognition is done by projecting a new image in the eigenface subspace, after which the
person is classified by comparing its position in eigenface space with the position of known
individuals

The first thing we need to do is to form a training data set. 2D image Ii can be
represented as a 1D vector by concatenating rows . Image is transformed into a vector
of length N = mxn.

Let M such vectors xi (i = 1, 2... M) of length N form a matrix of learning images, X.

First we determine the vector of mean values , and then subtract that vector from
each image vector.

Averaged
vectors are arranged to form a new training matrix (size NxM)

The next step is to calculate the covariance matrix C, and find its eigenvectors and eigenvalues
Where

Covariance matrix C has dimensions NxN .

From that we get N eigen values and eigenvectors.

If i and i are eigenvectors and eigen values of matrix C, eigenvector associated with the highest
eigenvalue reflects the highest variance, and the one associated with the lowest eigenvalue, the
smallest variance.

Therefore, the vectors should be sorted by eigenvalues so that the first vector corresponds to the
highest eigenvalue .

These vectors are then normalized. They form the new matrix E so that each vector is a column vector.
The dimensions of this matrix are NXD, where D represents the desired number of eigenvectors.

The
last step is the recognition of faces.
Image of the person we want to find in training set is transformed into a vector P, reduced by
the mean value and projected with a matrix of eigenvectors (eigenfaces)

Classification is done by determining the distance, i, between and each vector of matrix Y.

Where

The most common is the Euclidean distance.

If A and B are two vectors of length D, the Euclidean distance between them is determined as
follows

If the minimum distance between test face and training faces is higher than a threshold , the
test face is considered to be unknown; otherwise it is known and belongs to the person in the
database.

System Implementation

System Flowchart

Start

Image Processing

Update the attendance sheet in

Image Processing
Start

Capture image

Face Detection and cropping

Face recognition using

Store recognized entries

Results and
Analysis

Collection of training set

Image capturing, Face detection

Face Recognition

Output in MS Excel

Pros

Easy integration

Simple algorithm

Easy to use output format

Proxy attendance is eliminated

Saves time

Cons

Sensitive to lighting variations

Initial investment could be high

Applications

All educational institutions

Virtual classrooms

Future Scope
The system we have developed has successfully able to accomplish the task
of marking the attendance in the classroom automatically and output
obtained in an excel sheet as desired in real time. Another important aspect
where we can work is towards creating an online data base of the
attendance and its automatic updating, keeping in mind growing
popularity of internet of things.

Conclusion
In the system we have implemented an attendance system for a lecture,
section or laboratory by which lecturer or teaching assistant can record
student attendance. Its saves time and effort, especially if it is a lecture with
huge number of students.

References
[1] M. T. a. A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces For Recognition," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 3, no. 1, 1991.
[2] A. V. a. R. Tokas, "Fast Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces," IJRITCC, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 3615-3618, November 2014.
[3] Paul Viola and Michael J. Jones, "Robust Real-Time Face Detection," International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 57, no. 2, pp.
137-154, May 2004.
[4] N. J. M. M. K. a. H. A. Mayank Agarwal, "Face Recognition Using Eigenface approach," IRCSE, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1793-8201,
August 2010.

Thank You