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Design and Analysis of Automated Braking System Using

This document describes the design and static analysis of an automatic braking system using an ultrasonic sensor for vehicles. The system aims to reduce road accidents by integrating brakes with a microcontroller and ultrasonic sensor to detect the distance to the front vehicle and apply the brakes if the driver does not decrease speed to maintain a safe distance. It provides background on active safety systems and automatic braking technologies. The design parameters for the brakes and sample calculations are presented. Finally, the document outlines the fabrication, code, procedure and results from testing a prototype bot using the automatic braking system, along with conclusions on safety benefits and potential future applications.

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renuka mula
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185 views20 pages

Design and Analysis of Automated Braking System Using

This document describes the design and static analysis of an automatic braking system using an ultrasonic sensor for vehicles. The system aims to reduce road accidents by integrating brakes with a microcontroller and ultrasonic sensor to detect the distance to the front vehicle and apply the brakes if the driver does not decrease speed to maintain a safe distance. It provides background on active safety systems and automatic braking technologies. The design parameters for the brakes and sample calculations are presented. Finally, the document outlines the fabrication, code, procedure and results from testing a prototype bot using the automatic braking system, along with conclusions on safety benefits and potential future applications.

Uploaded by

renuka mula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN AND STATIC ANALYSIS OF

AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM USING


ULTRASONIC SENSOR

PROJECT BY
M. Renuka (12331A0396)
N. Subbaraju (12331A03A2)
P. Sanyasi Naidu (12331A03B9)
P. Rajeev Varma (12331A03C0)
K. Manohar (13335A0316)
Under the guidance of
Sri Ch.Varun Sir
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MVGR College Of Engineering

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this project is to reduce road accidents and
improve pre-crash safety in automobiles.
This can be achieved by integrating brakes of a vehicle
with embedded systems i.e., microcontroller unit and
Ultrasonic sensor.
This system detects the distance between front vehicle
and drivers vehicle to keep a constant distance using a
sensor and operate the brake system forcibly if the driver
does not decrease the speed of car.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Various types of procedures have been developed to ensure safety
system in automobiles, some of those papers are:
Larry Carley discussed in a paper about Active Safety: Collision
Warning & Automatic Braking.
A. Mirzaei, M. Moallem and B. Mirzaeian discussed about
Optimal Design of a Hybrid Controller for Antilock Braking
Systems about how to maintain wheel slip to a desired level so that
maximum wheel tractive force and maximum vehicle deceleration
are obtained.

Alessio Carullo and Marco Parvis, discussed about


An Ultrasonic Sensor for Distance Measurement
in Automotive Applications that ultrasonic sensor
that is able to measure the distance from the
ground of selected points of a motor vehicle. Also
it is composed of only low cost components, thus
being apt for first car equipment in many cases,
and is able to self-adapt to different conditions in
order to give the best results.
Vivien Melcher, Stefan Rauh, Frederik Diederichs,
HaraldWidlroither, Wilhelm Bauer discussed in a
paper about Take-Over Requests for automated
driving about methods and various simulations in
automated driving in future scenario.

DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A BRAKE


Pedal leverage ratio
Pedal input force
Force on master cylinder
Diameter of master cylinder(variable)
Area of master cylinder = 0.78*( cylinder dia)^2 (mm)
Max cylinder pressure = (force)/(area)*10^-6 (MPa)
Piston diameter(constant)
Area of calliper cylinder = 0.7857*(piston dia)^2
Effective area = 2*(area of calliper) (mm)
Clamping force(two wheels) = 2*(cylinder pressure*effect.area)(N)

friction
Frictional force = clamping force*friction
Radius of disc(constant)
Braking torque = frictional force *radii of disc (N)
Radius of tyre
Total braking force on (4 wheels) = 4*(braking torque/radii of tyre)(N)
Mass of vehicle
Deceleration = (Tot. barking force)/(radii of tyre*9.81) (Kmph)
velocity(kmph)
Stopping distance = ((velocity*0.27)^2)/(2*deceleration*9.81) (m)
Stopping time = (vel.*0.27)/(Stopping dist.) (sec)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE CALC OF MARUTHI 800

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A BRAKE


PEDAL

PEDAL ANALYSIS
This analysis is done in order to find the Factor of safety of
chosen brake pedal and found out whether it lies in the safe
condition or not.
We know that FOS=(Ultimate stress/Working stress)
For steel, it is known that ultimate stress=363MPa
Working stress is found to be 173.47MPa
Therefore, the FOS is approximately 2.09 and hence it lies in the
safest condition which is to be in the range of 1-3

FABRICAION OF BOT
Ultrasonic Sensor :5m(range)
Micro Controller : Arduino Uno
DC Motor(2) : 100 rpm, 12V
H-Bridge : Motor driving board
Battery : 12V

CODE USED

PROCEDURE
Initially a frame is to be prepared with wheels attached to it so that it can
easily handle all other components.
Dc motors are to be attached to the wheels for the power supply.
Now the sensor, arduino , battery and motor driving board are placed and
respective connections are made using jumper wires.
When the circuit is completed ,make sure that the battery is connected to
the motor board.
Dump the code into the arduino.
Place the obstacles and make a test drive of the bot.

DRAWBACKS OVERCOMED:
When the point of safety raised in earlier days, researchers developed
ABS(Anti-lock Braking system) which has the ability to stop the vehicle
with minimal skidding on wet or slick surfaces.(Collision warning)
Then after came a system that pre-charged the brakes at the instant the
driver lifted their foot from the accelerator pedal to reduce brake reaction
time and stopping distance. (Stability control)
These early systems did not apply the brakes, but only warned the driver
and pre-charged the brakes so they would be ready when the driver
finally reacted.

FUTURE SCOPE
This automated brakes are applicable for present day cars only if it
is integrated with any type of braking mechanism or an electric
vehicle or any solar vehicle .
The scope can be extended to any automobile without integration of
mechanism.
Also Alcohol detector sensor can be induced into the bot to reduce
road accidents.

COST REPORT
PARTS

COST

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

180

DC MOTOR

350*2=750

MOTOR BRIDGE

300

BATTERY

600

ARDUINO UNO

1500

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

250

CONCLUSION
Hence from the previous experiences, this Automated braking
system is the latest innovation braking systems that anticipate the need
to brake (collision warning) and actually apply the brakes (autonomous
braking) to avoid or reduce the damage caused by a collision. These
technologies combine elements of "brake assist" with "adaptive cruise
control" to take braking safety to the next level.

REFERENCES
Embedded system to evaluate the passenger comfort in public transportation based on dynamical
vehicle behaviour with users feedback, Juan C. Castellanos , Fabiano Fruett School of Electrical Engineering,
University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 400, CEP: 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil

reliable zigbee based wireless automotive speed control system Venkatesh Anand.S1,
Lokeshwaran.R2, International Journal of Science, Technology & Management ,Volume No 04, Special Issue No. 01, March 2015

Designing an integrated driver assistance system using image sensors M. Akhlaq, Tarek R. Sheltami, Bo
Helgeson,Elhadi M. Shakshuki Received: 5 July 2011 / Accepted: 16 December 2011 / Published online: 3 January 2012
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

An

Ultrasonic Sensor for Distance Measurement in Automotive ApplicationsAlessio Carullo and


Marco Parvis, Senior Member, IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 2, AUGUST 2001 143

Overview of Automotive Sensors William J. Fleming

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 4,

DECEMBER 2001

Fabrication Of High Speed Indication And Automatic Pneumatic Braking System


P.Balashanmugam, K.Balasubramaniyan, G.Balasubramaniyan, S.Vinoth , International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 5 number 1 Nov 2013 ISSN: 2231-5381,
http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 40

Thank you

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