68402: Structural Design of Buildings II

61420: Design of Steel Structures

62323: Architectural Structures II

Design of Beams for Flexure

Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
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Slide # 1

Design of Beams for Flexure

Introduction

Moment Curvature Response

Sectional Properties

Serviceability Requirements (Deflections)

Compact, Non-compact and Slender Sections

Lateral Torsional Buckling

Design of Beams

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Slide # 2

Beams under Flexure

Members subjected principally

to transverse gravity loading

Girders (important floor beams,

wide spacing)

Joists (less important beams,

closely spaced)

Purlins (roof beams, spanning

between trusses)

Stringers (longitudinal bridge

beams)

Lintels (short beams above

window/door openings)
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Slide # 3

Design for Flexure

Limit states considered

Yielding
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Local Buckling
Compact
Non-compact
Slender

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Slide # 4

Design for Flexure LRFD Spec.

Commonly

Used Sections:

I shaped members (singly- and doubly-symmetric)

Square and Rectangular or round HSS
Tees and Double Angles
Rounds and Rectangular Bars
Single Angles
Will not be covered
in this course
Unsymmetrical Shapes
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Slide # 5

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment
(M P) is a
A beam
w

structural member
that is subjected
primarily to
transverse loads and
negligible axial
loads.
The transverse loads
cause internal SF
and BM in the beams
as shown in Fig. 1

V(x)

M(x)

Fig. 1- SF & BM in a SS Beam

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Slide # 6

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

These internal SF & BM cause longitudinal axial stresses

and shear stresses in the cross-section as shown in the Fig.
2
dF = b dy

d
M(x)

V(x)
b

d / 2

F b dy
Curvature = = 2/d
d / 2
(Planes remain plane)

d / 2

M b dy y
d / 2

Fig. 2 - Longitudinal axial stresses caused by internal BM

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Slide # 7

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

Steel material follows a typical stress-strain behavior as

shown in Fig 3 below. E = 200 GPa
u
y

Fig 3 - Typical steel stress-strain behavior.

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Slide # 8

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

If the steel stress-strain curve is approximated as a bilinear

elasto-plastic curve with yield stress equal to y, then the
section Moment - Curvature (M-) response for
monotonically increasing moment is given by Fig. 4.

In Fig. 4, My is the moment corresponding to first yield and

Mp is the plastic moment capacity of the cross-section.

The ratio of Mp to My - the shape factor f for the section.

For a rectangular section, f = 1.5. For a wide-flange section, f 1.1.

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Slide # 9

Moment-Curvature (NEW)

Beam curvature is related to its strain and thus to the

applied moment

(1)

(2)

(3)

y
EI

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Slide # 10

(4)

Moment-Curvature (NEW)

When the section is within elastic range

M y M
F x

Ix
Sx

M S x Fx

Where S is the elastic section modulus

When the moment exceeds the yield moment My

M y S x Fy

M p Z x Fy

A
Z x ( )a
2

Then

Where Z is the plastic section modulus

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1.1 S
Slide # 11

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment ( M P)
Mp

B
A

Section Moment, M

My

y
y

Curvature,
A: Extreme fiber reaches y B: Extreme fiber reaches 2y C: Extreme fiber reaches 5y
D: Extreme fiber reaches 10y E: Extreme fiber reaches infinite strain

Fig. 4 - M- response of a beam section

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Slide # 12

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

Calculation of MP: Cross-section subjected to either +y or - y at

the plastic limit. See Figure 5 below.
y
Plastic centroid.

A1

y1

A2

(a) General crossy

section
tic centroid.

A1

y2

y A 2

y1

y2

(c) Force distribution

y A 1

2
Figure
5. Plastic
centroid and MP for
y A 2
general cross-section.

F y A1
A1 A 2
A
2
Where , y1

M y

(b) Stress
distribution

y A 1

F y A1 y A 2 0
A1 A 2 A / 2
A
( y1 y 2 )
2
Where , y1 centroid of A1

M y

y 2 centroid of A 2
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Slide # 13

y2

Moment-Curvature

When the whole section is yielding a plastic hinge

will be formed

plastic hinge

Structural analysis by assuming collapsing mechanisms of

a structure is known as Plastic analysis

The plastic moment Mp is therefore the moment needed at

the section to form a plastic hinge
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Slide # 14

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

The plastic centroid for a general cross-section

corresponds to the axis about which the total area is
equally divided, i.e., A1 = A2 = A/2

The plastic centroid is not the same as the elastic centroid or

center of gravity (c.g.) of the cross-section.
As shown below, the c.g. is defined as the axis about which A1y1 =
A2y2.

y2

A1, y1
y1
c.g. = elastic N.A. A , y
2
2

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About the c.g. A 1 y 1 = A 2 y2

Slide # 15

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

For a cross-section with at-least one axis of symmetry, the

neutral axis corresponds to the centroidal axis in the elastic
range. However, at Mp, the neutral axis will correspond to the
plastic centroidal axis.

For a doubly symmetric cross-section, the elastic and

the plastic centroid lie at the same point.

Mp = y x A/2 x (y1+y2)

As shown in Figure 5, y1 and y2 are the distance from

the plastic centroid to the centroid of area A1 and A2,
respectively.
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Slide # 16

Section Force-Deformation
Response & Plastic Moment (M P)

A/2 x (y1+y2) is called Z, the plastic section modulus

of the cross-section. Values for Z are tabulated for
various cross-sections in the properties section of
the LRFD manual.

M
b

= 0.90 Z Fy

b - strength reduction factor

Mp - plastic moment, which must be 1.5 My for homogenous
cross-sections
My - moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme
fiber from an elastic stress distribution = Fy S for homogenous
cross-sections and = Fyf S for hybrid sections.
Z - plastic section modulus from the Properties section of the AISC
manual.
S - elastic section modulus, also from the Properties section of the
AISC manual.
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Slide # 17

Ex. 4.1 Sectional Properties

Determine the elastic section modulus, S, plastic section

modulus, Z, yield moment, My, and the plastic moment
MP, of the cross-section shown below. What is the design
moment for the beam cross-section. Assume A992 steel.
300
12 mm
in.

F1

15 mm
0.75
in.

W t = 0.5
10 mm
in.
w
F2

400in.
mm
16

25
mm
1.0
in.
400
15 mm
in.

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Slide # 18

Ex. 4.1 Sectional Properties

Ag = 300 x 15 + (400 - 15 - 25) x 10 + 400 x 25 = 18100 mm2

Af1 = 300 x 15 = 4500 mm2
Af2 = 400 x 25 = 10000 mm2
Aw = 10 x (400 - 15 - 25) = 3600 mm2

distance of elastic centroid from bottom =

4500(400 15 / 2) 3600 205 10000 12.5
y
145.3 mm
18100
Ix = 400x253/12 +10000(12.5-145.3)2 + 10x3603/12 +3600(205145.3)2 + 300x153/12 +4500(392.5-145.3)2 = 503.7x106 mm4
Sx = 503.7x106 / (400-145.3) = 1977.5x103 mm3
My-x = Fy Sx = 680.2 kN-m.
Sx - elastic section modulus
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Slide # 19

Ex. 4.1 Sectional Properties

distance of plastic centroid from bottom = y p

18100
400 y p
9050
2
y p 22.6 mm

y1

= centroid of top half-area about plastic centroid

18100 145.3 9050 22.6 / 2
22.6 256.7 mm
=
9050

y2

= centroid of bottom half-area about plas. cent.

yp

= 22.6 / 2 11.3 mm

Zx = A/2 x (y1 + y2) = 9050 x (256.7 + 11.3) = 2425400 mm3

Zx - plastic section modulus

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Slide # 20

Ex. 4.1 Sectional Properties

Mp-x = Zx Fy = 2425400 x 344/106 = 834.3 kN.m

Design strength according to AISC Spec. F1.1= bMp= 0.9 x 834.3

= 750.9 kN.m

Check = Mp 1.5 My

Therefore, 834.3 kN.m < 1.5 x 680.2 = 1020.3 kN.m

- OK!

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Slide # 21

Flexural Deflection of Beams Serviceability

Steel beams are designed for the factored design loads.

The moment capacity, i.e., the factored moment strength
(bMn) should be greater than the moment (Mu) caused
by the factored loads.

A serviceable structure is one that performs

satisfactorily, not causing discomfort or perceptions of
unsafety for the occupants or users of the structure.

For a steel beam, being serviceable usually means that the

deformations, primarily the vertical slag, or deflection, must be
limited.

The maximum deflection of the designed beam is checked at the

service-level loads. The deflection due to service-level loads
must be less than the specified values.
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Slide # 22

Serviceability Requirements

Steel beams need to satisfy SLS in addition to ULS

Deflection under live loads shall be limited to L/360

Standard equations to calculate deflection for different load cases:

Serviceability limit states are usually checked using non-factored

loads.

Dead load deflections can be compensated by cambering beams.

SLS might also include limiting stresses in bottom or top flanges if
fatigue is a concern in design (Will be further discussed with plate
girders).

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Slide # 23

Flexural Deflection of Beams Serviceability

The AISC Specification gives little guidance other than a

statement, Serviceability Design Considerations, that
deflections should be checked. Appropriate limits for
deflection can be found from the governing building code
for the region.

The following values of deflection are typical max.

allowable deflections.
LL
DL+LL

Plastered floor construction

Unplastered floor construction
Unplastered roof construction

L/360
L/240
L/180

L/240
L/180
L/120

DL deflection normally not considered for steel beams

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Slide # 24

Flexural Deflection of Beams Serviceability

In the following examples, we will assume that

local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling are
not controlling limit states, i.e, the beam section is
compact and laterally supported along the length.

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Slide # 25

Ex. 4.2 - Deflections

Design a 9 m long simply supported beam subjected to
UDL of 6 kN/m dead load and a UDL of 8 kN/m live load.
The dead load does not include the self-weight of the
beam.

Step I. Calculate the factored design loads (without self-weight).

wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 20 kN/m
Mu = wu L2 / 8 = 20 x 92 / 8 = 202.5 kN.m (SS beam)

Step II. Select the lightest section from the AISC Manual design
tables.
Zx = Mu/(bFy) = 202.5x106/(0.9x344) = 654x103
select W16 x 26 made from A992 steel with bMp = 224 kN.m
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Slide # 26

Ex. 4.2 - Deflections

Step III. Add self-weight of designed section and check design

wsw = 0.38 kN/m
Therefore, wD = 6.38 kN/m
wu = 1.2 x 6.38 + 1.6 x 6 = 20.46 kN/m
Therefore, Mu = 20.46 x 92 / 8 = 207.2 kN.m < bMp of
W16 x 26.
OK!

Step IV. Check deflection at service loads.

w = 8 kN/m
D = 5 w L4 / (384 E Ix) = 5 x (8) x103 x (9)4 / (384 x 200x125)

D = 27.3 mm > L/360

- for plastered floor construction

Step V. Redesign with service-load deflection as design criteria

L /360 = 25 mm > 5 w L4/(384 E Ix)
Therefore, Ix > 136.7x106 mm4
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Slide # 27

Ex. 4.2 - Deflections

Select the section from the moment of inertia selection from
Section Property Tables select W16 x 31 with Ix = 156x106 mm4

Note that the serviceability design criteria controlled the design

and the section

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Slide # 28

Ex. 4.3 Beam Design

Design the beam shown below. The unfactored dead and live loads
are shown in Fig. 6 below.
40
10 kips
kN (live load)

10
kN/m
0.67
k/ft. (dead load)
11
kN/m
0.75
k/ft. (live load)

15
ft.m
4.5

930mft.

Step I. Calculate the factored design loads (without self-weight).

wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2 x 10 + 1.6 x 11 = 29.6 kN/m
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 x 0 + 1.6 x 40 = 64 kN
Mu = wU L2 / 8 + PU L / 4 = 299.7 + 144 = 443.7 kN.m
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Slide # 29

Ex. 4.3 Beam Design

Step II. Select W21 x 44

Zx = 1563x103 mm3
bMp = 0.9x1563x103x344/1000000 = 483.9 kN.m
Self-weight = wsw = 0.64 kN/m.

Step III. Add self-weight of designed section and check design

wD = 10 + 0.64 = 10.64 kN/m
wu = 1.2 x 10.64 + 1.6 x 11 = 30.4 kN/m
Therefore, Mu = 30.4 x 92/8 + 144 = 451.8 < bMp of
W21 x 44.
OK!
Step IV. Check deflection at service live loads.
Service loads
Distributed load = w = 11 kN/m

Concentrated load = P = L = 40 kN
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Slide # 30

Ex. 4.3 Beam Design

Deflection due to uniform distributed load = d = 5 w L4 / (384 EI)
Deflection due to concentrated load = c = P L3 / (48 EI)
Therefore, service-load deflection = = d + c
= 5x11x94x109/(384x351x106x200) +40x93x109/(48x351x106x200)
= 13.4 + 8.7 = 22.1 mm
L = 9 m.
Assuming unplastered floor construction, max = L/240 = 9000/240 =
37.5 mm
Therefore, < max
- OK!

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Slide # 31

Local Buckling of Beam Section

Compact and Non-compact

Mp, the plastic moment capacity for the steel shape, is

calculated by assuming a plastic stress distribution (+ or - y)
over the cross-section.

The development of a plastic stress distribution over the crosssection can be hindered by two different length effects:

Local buckling of the individual plates (flanges and webs) of the

cross-section before they develop the compressive yield stress y.
Lateral-torsional buckling of the unsupported length of the beam /
member before the cross-section develops the plastic moment Mp.

The analytical equations for local buckling of steel plates with

various edge conditions and the results from experimental
investigations have been used to develop limiting slenderness
ratios for the individual plate elements of the cross-sections.
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Slide # 32

Local Buckling of Beam Section

Compact and Non-compact

Figure 7. Local buckling of flange due to compressive stress (s)

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Slide # 33

Local Buckling of Beam Section

Compact and Non-compact

Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, or

slender depending upon the slenderness (l) ratio of the
individual plates of the cross-section.

Compact section if all elements of cross-section have p

Slender section if any element of the cross-section has r

Non-compact sections if any one element of the cross-section has p

r

It is important to note that:

If p, then the individual plate element can develop and sustain y for
large values of e before local buckling occurs.
If p r, then the individual plate element can develop y at some
locations but not in the entire cross section before local buckling occurs.
If r , then elastic local buckling of the individual plate element occurs.
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Slide # 34

Classification of Sections

Classifications of bending elements are based on limits of local buckling

bf

The dimensional ratio l represents

tw

Two limits exist p and r

bf

tf

2t f

tw

p represents the upper limit for compact sections

r represents the upper limit for non-compact sections

P compact

P r non compact
r slender
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Slide # 35

Thus, slender
sections cannot
develop Mp due to
elastic local
buckling. Noncompact sections
can develop My but
not Mp before local
buckling occurs.
Only compact
sections can
develop the plastic
moment Mp.

Co mpressive axial stress,

Local Buckling of Beam Section

Compact and Non-compact
y

Compact

Non-Compact
Slender

Effective axial strain,

Figure 8. Stress-strain response of plates

subjected to axial compression and local
buckling.
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Slide # 36

Local Buckling of Beam Section

Compact and Non-compact

All rolled wide-flange shapes are compact with the

following exceptions, which are non-compact.

W21x48, W40x174, W14x99, W14x90, W12x65, W10x12, W8x10,

W6x15 (made from A992)

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Slide # 37

Classification of Sections

The limits are

bf

Flange

bf

2t f

p 0.38

r 0.83

Web

E
Fy

h
tw

p 3.76

E
Fy 68.9

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tf

r 5.70

tw
E
Fy
E
Fy

Slide # 38

Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(LTB)

(a)

The laterally unsupported

length of a beam-member
can undergo LTB due to
the applied flexural
loading (BM).

(b)

M
M

Figure 9. Lateral-torsional
buckling of a wide-flange beam
subjected to constant moment.
M

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Slide # 39

Lateral-Torsional Buckling
(LTB)

LTB is fundamentally similar to the flexural buckling or

flexural-torsional buckling of a column subjected to axial
loading.

The similarity is that it is also a bifurcation-buckling type

phenomenon.
The differences are that lateral-torsional buckling is caused by
flexural loading (M), and the buckling deformations are coupled in
the lateral and torsional directions.

There is one very important difference. For a column, the

axial load causing buckling remains constant along the
length. But, for a beam, usually the LTB causing bending
moment M(x) varies along the unbraced length.

The worst situation is for beams subjected to uniform BM along the

unbraced length. Why?
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Slide # 40

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Uniform BM

Consider a beam that is simply-supported at the ends and

subjected to four-point loading as shown below. The beam
center-span is subjected to uniform BM (M). Assume that
lateral supports are provided at the load points.
P

Lb

Laterally unsupported length = Lb.

If the laterally unbraced length Lb is less than or equal to a
plastic length LP then lateral torsional buckling is not a
problem and the beam will develop its plastic strength M P.
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Slide # 41

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Uniform BM

Lp = 1.76 ry x

E / Fy - for I members & channels

If Lb is greater than LP then lateral torsional buckling will

occur and the moment capacity of the beam will be
reduced below the plastic strength MP as shown in Fig. 10.

As shown in Fig. 10, the lateral-torsional buckling moment

(Mn = Mcr) is a function of the laterally unbraced length Lb
and can be calculated using the equation:

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Slide # 42

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Uniform BM

Mn = Mcr =

2 EI y
2 ECw
GJ

2
Lb
L2b

Mn - moment capacity
Lb - laterally unsupported length.
Mcr - critical lateral-torsional buckling moment.
E 200 GPa;
G 77 GPa
Iy - moment of inertia about minor or y-axis (mm4)
J - torsional constant (mm4) from the Section Property Tables.
Cw - warping constant (mm6) from the Section Property Tables.

This Eq. is valid for ELASTIC LTB only (like the Euler equation). This
means it will work only as long as the cross-section is elastic and no
portion of the cross-section has yielded.
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Slide # 43

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Uniform BM
Mn = Mp

L Lp

M n M p ( M p M r ) b

Lr L p

Zx Fy = Mp

Moment Capacity, M n

Sx (F
= Mr
(0.7F
y 10)
y)

Mn =

Plastic
No
Instability

Inelastic
LTB

Lp

2 EI y
L2b

2 ECw
GJ

L2b

Elastic
LTB

Lr
Unbraced length, Lb

Fig. 10 Lateral Torsional Buckling (Uniform Bending)

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Slide # 44

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Uniform BM

As soon as any portion of the cross-section reaches the

yield stress Fy, the elastic LTB equation cannot be used.

Lr is the unbraced length that corresponds to a LTB moment

Mr = Sx (0.7Fy).

Mr will cause yielding of the cross-section due to residual stresses.

When the unbraced length is less than Lr, then the elastic
LTB Eq. cannot be used.

When the unbraced length (Lb) is less than Lr but more

than the plastic length Lp, then the LTB Mn is given by the
Eq. below:
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Slide # 45

Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Uniform BM

Lb L p

Lr L p

If Lp Lb Lr,

This is linear interpolation between (Lp, Mp) and (Lr, Mr)

then M n M p ( M p M r )

See Fig. 10 again.

E
Lr 1.95rts
0.7 Fy

0.7 Fy S x h0
Jc

1 1 6.76
S x h0
Jc
E

I y Cw

For a doubly symmetric I-shape: c = 1

2
ts

Sx

h0 = distance between the flange centroids (mm)

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Slide # 46

Moment Capacity of Beams

Subjected to Non-uniform BM

As mentioned previously, the case with uniform bending

moment is worst for lateral torsional buckling.

For cases with non-uniform bending moment, the LTB

moment is greater than that for the case with uniform
moment.

The AISC specification says that:

The LTB moment for non-uniform bending moment case

Cb x lateral torsional buckling moment for uniform moment case.

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Slide # 47

Moment Capacity of Beams

Subjected to Non-uniform BM

Cb is always greater than 1.0 for non-uniform bending

moment.

Cb is equal to 1.0 for uniform bending moment.

Sometimes, if you cannot calculate or figure out Cb, then it can be
conservatively assumed as 1.0. for doubly and singly symmetric
sections
12.5 M max
Cb
3.0
2.5 M max 3 M A 4 M B 3 M c
Mmax - magnitude of maximum bending moment in Lb
MA - magnitude of bending moment at quarter point of Lb
MB - magnitude of bending moment at half point of Lb
MC - magnitude of bending moment at three-quarter point of Lb

Use absolute values of M

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Slide # 48

Flexural Strength of Compact

Sections

12.5M max
Cb
3.0
2.5M max 3M A 4M B 3M C
MA

MC
@ three-quarter

MB
@ mid

@ quarter

Mmax

Moments determined between bracing

points

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Slide # 49

Values of Cb
3-1

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Slide # 50

Moment Capacity of Beams

Subjected to Non-uniform Bending
Moments

The moment capacity Mn for the case of non-uniform

bending moment

Mn = Cb x {Mn for the case of uniform bending moment} Mp

Important to note that the increased moment capacity for the nonuniform moment case cannot possibly be more than Mp.
Therefore, if the calculated values is greater than Mp, then you
have to reduce it to Mp

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Slide # 51

Moment Capacity of Beams

Subjected to Non-uniform BM
Mp
Moment Capacity, Mn

Non-uniform BM
Mr
Cb = 1.5
Cb = 1.2
Cb = 1.0

Uniform BM

Lp

Lr
Unbraced length, Lb

Figure 11. Moment capacity versus Lb for non-uniform moment case

Cb = 1.0 means uniform BM

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Slide # 52

Structural Design of Beams

Steps for adequate design of beams:

1) Compute the factored loads, factored moment and shear
2) Determine unsupported length Lb and Cb
3) Select a WF shape and choose Zx assuming it is a compact section
with full lateral support
M n M p ZFy
Mu
Zx
Mu b Mn 0.9 ZFy
b Fy
4) Check the section dimension for compactness and determine bMn

M u b M n

5) Use service loads to check

68402 deflection requirements Slide # 53

Ex. 4.4 Beam Design

Use Grade 50 steel to design the beam shown below. The

unfactored uniformly distributed live load is equal to 40
kN/m. There is no dead load. Lateral support is provided at
the end reactions. Select W16 section.
3 kips/ft.
wwLL== 40
kN/m

24 ft.m
7.5
Lateral support / bracing

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Slide # 54

Ex. 4.4 Beam Design

Step I. Calculate the factored loads assuming a reasonable selfweight.

Assume self-weight = wsw = 1.46 kN/m.
Dead load = wD = 0 + 1.46 = 1.46 kN/m.
Live load = wL = 40 kN/m.
Ultimate load = wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 65.8 kN/m.
Factored ultimate moment = Mu = wu L2/8 = 462.3 kN-m.
Is BM uniform??
Yes
Cb =1.0
No
Go to Step II

Step II. Determine unsupported length Lb and Cb

There is only one unsupported span with Lb = 7.5 m
Cb = 1.14 for the parabolic bending moment diagram, See values of
Cb shown in Table 3-1.
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Slide # 55

Ex. 4.4 Beam Design

Step III. Select a wide-flange shape

Compute Zx = 462.3*106/(0.9*344) = 1493x106 mm3.

L p 1.76ry E / Fy

Select W16 x 50 steel section

Zx = 1508x103 mm3

Sx = 1327x103 mm3

Cw = 610x109 mm6

Iy = 15.5x106 mm4

E
Lr 1.95rts
0.7 Fy

rts

I yCw
Sx

ry = 40.4 mm
J = 0.63x106 mm4

1.76 40.4 200000 344

1.71 m
1000

0.7 Fy S x h0
Jc

1 1 6.76
S x h0
E
Jc

15.5 106 610 109

48.1 mm
3
1327 10
68402

Slide # 56

Ex. 4.4 Beam Design

h0 = D - TF = 414 16 = 398 mm
2

0.7 344 1327 103 398

1 6.76
6
200000 0.63 10 1

0.7 Fy S x h0

1 6.76
Jc
E

48.1 200000
0.63 10 6 1
Lr 1.95

1 2.81 5.26 m
3
1000 0.7 344 1327 10 398

Lb > Lr

M n Cb

2 EI y
L2b

2.81

2 ECw
GJ

2
Lb

2 200 15.5 106

2 200 610 109
6
77 0.63 10

1.14
2
7500 2
7500

1508 103 344

222 10 kN .mm 222 kN .m M p
518.8 kN .m
6
10
3

68402

Slide # 57

Ex. 4.4 Beam Design

Step IV. Check if section is adequate

Mu > Mn

Not OK

Step V. Try a larger section.

After few trials select W16 x 67

Mn = 497.7 > Mu OK

Step VI. Check for local buckling.

= Bf / 2Tf = 7.7;

Corresponding p = 0.38 (E/Fy)0.5 = 9.19

Therefore, < p

- compact flange

= H/Tw = 35.9;

Corresponding p = 3.76 (E/Fy)0.5 = 90.5

Therefore, < p

- compact web

Compact section.

- OK!

This example demonstrates the method for designing beams and

accounting for Cb > 1.0)

Values for Lr and Lp can be obtained from Tables too

68402

Slide # 58

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

Design the beam shown below. The concentrated live

loads acting on the beam are shown in the Figure. The
beam is laterally supported at the load and reaction points.
Use Grade 50 steel. 30 kips
135
KN
30 kips
135 KN

wsw = 0.1
1.5kips/ft.
KN/m

12
3.6ft.m

8 ft.m
2.4

10
3.0ft.m

309.0
ft. m
Lateral support / bracing

68402

Slide # 59

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

Step I. Assume a self-weight and determine the factored design

loads
Let, wsw = 1.5 kN/m
PL = 135 kN
Pu = 1.6 PL = 216 kN
wu = 1.2 x wsw = 1.8 kN/m
The reactions and bending moment diagram for the beam are
shown below.

68402

Slide # 60

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

216kips
KN
48

216
KN
48
kips

wsw = 1.8
0.12KN/m
kips/ft.
A

D
B

46.6
kips
209.7
kN

12m
ft.
3.6

C
8 ft.
2.4
m

10
3.0ft.m

209.7 kN

30 kips

30 kips

wsw = 0.1 kips/ft.

12 ft.

550.6 kip-ft.
754.9
kN.m

Lateral support / bracing

68402

8 ft.

524 kip-ft.
715.5
kN.m

53 kips
238.5
kN
D

10 ft.

30 ft.

Slide # 61

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

Step II. Determine Lb, Cb, Mu, and Mu/Cb for all spans.
Span

Lb
(m)

Cb

Mu
(kN-m)

Mu/Cb
(kN-m)

AB

3.6

1.67

754.9

452.8

BC

2.4

1.0
(assume)

754.9

754.9

CD

3.0

1.67

715.5

429.2

It is important to note that it is possible to have different L b and

Cb values for different laterally unsupported spans of the same
beam.
Cb Table 3-1

68402

Slide # 62

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

Step III. Design the beam and check all laterally unsupported spans
Assume that span BC is the controlling span because it has the
largest Mu/Cb although the corresponding Lb is the smallest.
Required Zx = 754.9*106/(0.9*344) = 2438x103 mm3
After few trials select W21 x 68 from section property Table.
Lp = 1.94 m
Lr = 5.73 m (From Tables)

For all members Lp < Lb < Lr M n Cb

L Lp

M p ( M p M r ) b
L L
p
r

Check the selected section for spans AB, BC, and CD

Span

Lb (m)

Cb

bMn for Cb value

bMp limit

AB

3.6

1.67

1125.5 kN.m

811.8 kN.m

BC

2.4

1.0

773.6

CD

1.67

1208.7 kN.m

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811.8 kN.m
Slide # 63

Ex. 4.5 Beam Design

Thus, for span AB, bMn = 811.8 kN.m > Mu

- OK!

For span BC, bMn = 773.6 kN.m > Mu

- OK!

For span CD, bMn = 811.8 kN.m > Mu

- OK!

Step IV. Check for local buckling

Bf / 2Tf = 6.04;
Corresponding p = 0.38 (E/Fy)0.5 = 9.19
Therefore compact flange
H/Tw = 43.6; Corresponding p = 3.76 (E/Fy)0.5 = 90.55
Therefore compact web
Compact section.

- OK!

This example demonstrates the method for designing beams with

several laterally unsupported spans with different Lb and Cb values.
68402

Slide # 64

Ex. 4.6 Beam Design

Design the simply-supported beam shown below. The

uniformly distributed dead load is equal to 15 kN/m and
the uniformly distributed live load is equal to 30 kN/m. A
concentrated live load equal to 40 kN acts at the mid-span.
Lateral supports are provided at the end reactions and at
the mid-span. Use Grade 50 steel.
wD = 15
1.0 kips/ft.
wsw = 0.1kN/m
kips/ft.
wL = 30
2.0kN/m
kips/ft.

40kips
kN
10

30 kips

30 kips

C
B
12 ft.

8 ft.

3.6
m
12 ft.

30 ft.

10 ft.

12 ft.
3.6
m

Lateral support / bracing

68402

Slide # 65

Ex. 4.6 Beam Design

Step I. Assume the self-weight and calculate the factored design loads.
Let, wsw = 1.5 kN/m
wD = 15 + 1.5 = 16.5 kN/m
wL = 30 kN/m
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 67.8 kN/m
Pu = 1.6 x 40 = 64 kN
The reactions and the bending moment diagram for the factored loads
16
64 kips
kN
are shown below.
w u = 67.8
4.52 kips/ft.
kN/m
B

3.612mft.
62.24
276.1kips
kN

12 ft.
3.6
m

M(x) ==62.24
x - 4.52
M(x)
276.1(x)
+ 67.8(x) /2
x2 /2

68402

62.24 kN
kips
276.1

Slide # 66

Ex. 4.6 Beam Design

Step II. Calculate Lb and Cb for the laterally unsupported spans.

Since this is a symmetric problem, need to consider only span AB
Lb =3.6 m, M(x) = 276.1 x 67.8 x2/2
Therefore,
MA = M(x = 0.9 m) = 221 kN.m

- quarter-point along Lb = 3.6 m

MB = M(x = 1.8 m) = 387 kN.m

- half-point along Lb = 3.6 m

MC = M(x = 2.7 m) = 498 kN.m

- three-quarter point along Lb= 3.6 m

Mmax = M(x = 3.6 m) = 554.6 kN.m - maximum moment along Lb =3.6 m

Therefore, Cb = 1.36

68402

Slide # 67

Ex. 4.6 Beam Design

Step III. Design the beam section
Mu = Mmax = 554.6 kN.m
Lb = 3.6 m, Cb = 1.36
Required Zx = 554.6*106/(0.9*344) = 1791x103 mm3
After few trials, select W21 x 57 steel section
Lp = 1.46 m
Lr = 4.37 m
Lp < Lb < Lr
bMn = 699 kN.m > bMp = 639.3 kN.m
bMn= 639.3 >Mu

OK

68402

Slide # 68

Ex. 4.6 Beam Design

Step V. Check for local buckling.

Bf / 2Tf = 7.87;

Corresponding p = 0.38 (E/Fy)0.5 = 9.192

Therefore, compact flange

l = h/tw = 50.0; Corresponding p = 3.76 (E/Fy)0.5 = 90.55
Therefore, compact web
Compact section.

- OK!

This example demonstrates the calculation of C

and the

iterative design method.

68402

Slide # 69

Shear Capacity

The shear capacity of the beam is

Vu vVn

Vn 0.6 Fy AwCv

v 0.9

For I-shaped sections, the factors Cv and v are functions of the shear
buckling of the web and thus the ration h/tw

if h / t w 2.24

E
Fy

v 1.0
Cv 1.0

representing the case of no web instability.

Aw = dtw
68402

Slide # 70

Shear Capacity
For all other doubly and singly sym. sections and channels except
round HSS
The first case represents the case of no web instability.
v 0.9

h / t w 1.10

v 0.9

Cv 1.0

The second case represents inelastic web buckling

1.10

kv E
Fy

kv E
k E
h / t w 1.37 v
Fy
Fy

1.10 k v E F y
Cv
h tw

v 0.9

The last case represents elastic web buckling

h / t w 1.37

kv E
Fy

Cv

68402

1.51Ekv

h / tw

Fy

v 0.9
Slide # 71

Shear Capacity

Aw = dtw
The web plate buckling coefficient, kv, is given

For unstiffened webs with h/tw <260, kv = 5 except for the stem of tee shapes,
kv =1.2

For stiffened webs

kv

a h 2

260
5
,
a
h

3
.
0
or
a
h

ht

a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners

h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less the fillet of
corner radii.

68402

Slide # 72

Beam Bearing Plates

Design of a beam bearing plate would require checking:

t
N

1- Web Yielding and Web crippling to determine N

2- Bearing capacity to determine B

3- Plate moment capacity to determine t

AISC Specifications: Chapter K
68402

Slide # 73

Beam Bearing Plates

When a bearing plate is used at beam end, two limit states shall be
considered

1.0

R Rn

1. Web Yielding

This represents yield of the web at the vicinity of the flange due
to excessive loading
R

CASE 1: At Support

N k

Rn ( 2.5k N ) Fy tw
CASE 2: Interior Load

Rn (5k N ) Fy tw

68402

Slide # 74

Beam Bearing Plates

2. Web Crippling

Web crippling represent the possible buckling of the web

R Rn

CASE 1: At Support

Rn 0.4t 1 3

2
w

N tw

d t f

E Fy t f

tw

1.5

4N

Rn 0.4t 1
0.2

2
w

0.75

tw

t
f

N
0.2
d

E Fy t f

tw

1.5

N
0.2
d

CASE 2: Interior Load

N tw
2

Rn 0.8tw 1 3

d

t f

68402

E Fy t f

tw

1.5

Slide # 75

Ex. 4.7 Beam Design

Check the beam shown in the figure below for:

Shear capacity.
Web yielding.
Web crippling.
Assume the width of the bearing plate is 100 mm. Use Grade 50
steel.
40kips
kN
10

wD = 10
1.0kN/m
kips/ft.
wL = 25
2.0kN/m
kips/ft.
A

W16x26
2m
12
ft.

B
12
ft.
2m

68402

Slide # 76

Ex. 4.7 Beam Design

Step I. The section used from Example 4.6 is W21x57.

The self-weight wsw = 0.83 kN/m
wD = 10 + 0.38 = 10.38 kN/m
wL = 25 kN/m
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 52.5 kN/m
Pu = 1.6 x 40 = 64 kN
The reactions and the bending moment diagram for the factored loads
16
64 kips
kN
are shown below.
w u = 52.5
4.52 kips/ft.
kN/m
B

2 12
m ft.
62.24
137 kips
kN

12
ft.
2m

M(x) = 62.24
- 4.52kN
Vu =x 137

x2 /2

68402

62.24kN
kips
137

Slide # 77

Ex. 4.7 Beam Design

Step II. h/tw = 56.8

2.24

E
200000
h
2.24
54 56.8
Fy
344
tw

Assume unstiffened web, h/tw <260, kv = 5

1.10

kv E
5 200000
h
1.10
59.3 56.8
Fy
344
tw

Cv 1 0.9
Assume unstiffened web, h/tw <260, kv = 5
Vn = 0.9*(0.6Fy)*d*tw*Cv
Vn = 0.9*(0.6x344)*399*6.4x10-3 = 474.4 kN> Vu
68402

Slide # 78

Ex. 4.7 Beam Design

Step III. Web yielding

k = 19 mm
R = (2.5k + N)*Fy*tw

critical is support

R = 1x(2.5x19 + 100)x344x6.4/1000 = 324.7 kN

R > reaction = 137 kN

OK

Step IV. Web crippling

d = 399 mm
tw = 6.4 mm

critical is support
tf = 8.8 mm

N/d = 100/399 = 0.25 > 0.2

4N

Rn 0.4t w 1
0.2

68402

tw

t
f

E Fy t f

tw

1.5

Slide # 79

Ex. 4.7 Beam Design

4 100

Rn 0.4 6.4 1
0.2
399

6.4

8
.
8

1.5

200000 344 8.8

10 3 238.7 kN
6.4

R = 179 kN > reaction = 137 kN

68402

OK

Slide # 80