Course Outlines

Introduction to mobile communication

CDMA principles
Transmission problems
CDMA network architecture
CDMA network interfaces
CDMA air interface
CDMA key technologies

CDMA air interface

What is air interface
Defines the technology between MS and BTS
Carries most of the characteristics of the mobile systems
features
Determines the capacity and quality of the system

CDMA frequency assignment

CDMA frequency assignment

There are 8 band classes stipulated in the IS-2000 for the working
frequency band of the CDMA2000:

1. Band Class0: Corresponding to the North America cellular

frequency band, also in use in China, Hong Kong,
Australia, North Korea and Taiwan.
2. Band Class1: Corresponding to the PCS frequency band in North
America.
3. Band Class2: Corresponding to the TACS frequency band.
4. Band Class3: Corresponding to the JTACS frequency band.
5. Band Class4: Corresponding to the PCS frequency band in South
Korea.
6. Band Class5: Corresponding to the NMT-450 frequency band.
(Nordic Mobile Telephone)
7. Band Class6: Corresponding to the IMT-2000 frequency band.
8. Band Class7: Corresponding to the 700MHz cellular frequency
band in North America.

General CDMA System Model

Information stream (transmission)

Source
coding

Source
decoding

channel
coding

channel
decoding

Interleaving
Interleaving

deinterleaving

Scrambling

Spreading

Unscrambling

deinterleaving

Despreading

Modulation

Demodulation

Radio
frequency
transmitting

Radio
frequency
receive

Information stream (reception)

Analog to Digital converter

In CDMA system the signal is sampled by 8KHZ (or 8 K sample per second) with
each sample using 13 bits with linear quantization, which gives an input data rate
of 104 Kbps.

Then it is broken into 20ms frames.

But because the air resource in a wireless system is very precious, a more
effective coding mode is needed to use a rate as low as possible in the case where
voice quality is guaranteed which is the function of source coding.

Source Coding

Source Coding in CDMA is done by Vocoder

vocoder is such a device the main principles of it are to extract some voice feature
parameters when a person speaks and transmit these feature parameters to the peer
party. Then, the peer party will recover the voice with these parameters based on the
promise between the two parties.
Meanwhile, the codes transmitted from the transmit end to the receive end and
describing voice feature parameters vary with:
speech activity
total bit error rate.

Source Coding

Where this Vocoder has two rates:

8K QCELP (Rate Set 1: 9600, 4800, 2400 and 120 bps)

13K QCELP (Rate Set 2: 14400, 7200, 3600 and 1800 bps)
The third voice code is the Extended Variable Rate Coder (EVRC) which has a
full rate output of 8Kbps in QCELP but has voce quality very closer to the
13Kbps in QCELP

Channel Encoding

Convolutional code or TURBO code is used while a channel is encoded

Constraint length = shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency = the input bits number / the output symbols number.

Convolutional encoder

Interleaving
It can be seen from the figure that the data are read row by row into an
interleaver at the transmit end, read column by column out (this process is
called interleaving) and propagated after other modulation process.

Then, the data enter the interleaver at the receive end row by row and are
read out column by column (this process is called de-interleaving )

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

6 7 8
1 1
6 7 8
2 2
6 7 8
3 3
6 7 8
4 4
6 7 8
51 52
6 7 8
6 6
6 7 8
7 7
6 7 8
8 8
The direction of the data stream
interleaving

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
3
4
53
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
54
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
56
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
57
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
58
6
7
8

Spreading

Walsh function of order 64

6 symbol
i =(D5D4D3D2D1D0)2

6464
matrix

wi64
0101..01

The forward channel is channelized by a Walsh code and the reverse channel by a
long code.
In the reverse, every 6 bits from the encoder output corresponds to one Walsh
code.That is to say, every 6 symbols are spread into 64 chips.
In the forward, each bit from the encoder output corresponds to a Walsh
code.That is to say,each symbol is spread into 64 chips.

Modulation
The forward channel modulated by means of QPSK.
The reverse channel by means of OQPSK can reduce the fluctuation range of modulated
signals.
For OQPSK As opposed to the data modulated by I pilot PN sequence, the data modulated
by Q pilot PN sequence has the delay of half a PN chip (406.901ns).
Thus, the maximum phase change of four-phase modulation is 90 degrees instead of 180degree mutation.

QPSK
OQPSK

Modulation-QPSK

I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
I

I(t)

Baseband
filter

s(t)

Cos(2pfct)

A
Q

Baseband
filter

Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps

Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)

1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system

After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK (OQPSK in the reverse), converted into
simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.

Channel structure in IS-95A

Introduction to channels

Forward and reverse channels

Types of channels (physical , logical)

Types of Channel in IS-95A

Forward channel

Forward Pilot Channel

Forward Sync Channel

Forward Paging Channel

Forward Traffic Channel (including power control subchannel)

Reverse channel

Access Channel

Reverse Traffic Channel

Pilot Channel

Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition

Transmitted constantly by the base station
The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations

Provides tracking of:

Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse within one CDMA
channel frequency
Acquisition by mobile stations by using :

Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs

Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset of 64 bits

Timing reference
Phase reference

Short duration of Pilot PN sequence

Uuencoded nature of pilot signal

Used to identify handoff candidates

Key factor in performing soft handoffs

Pilot Channel Generation

Pilot
Channel
(All 0s)

Walsh
Function 0

I PN
1.2288
Mcps

Q PN

The Walsh function zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot

The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 (215/64) distinct Pilots per
CDMA channel ( frequency carrier)

The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN sequence is multiplied
by 64 to determine the actual offset

Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips

Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed
960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25 microsecond

Pilot Channel Acquisition procedure

Pilot Channel
(Walsh Code 0)
0001

0001

0001

0001

0001

0001

What is pilot acquisition

Pilot Channel Acquisition procedure

The mobile station starts generating the I and Q PN short sequences by itself and
correlating them with the received composite signal at every possible offset.
In less than 15 seconds (typically 2 to 4 seconds) all possibilities (32,768) are
checked.
The mobile station remembers the offsets for which it gets the best correlation
(where the Eb/N0 is the best.)
The mobile station locks on the best pilot (at the offset that results in the best
Eb/N0 ), and identifies the pattern for defining the start of the short sequences
Now the mobile station is ready to start de-correlating the SYNCH channel with a
Walsh code.

Sync Channel

Used to provide essential system parameters

It used Walsh function number 32
Used during system acquisition stage
Bit rate is 1200 bps
Simplifies the acquisition of the Sync Channel once the Pilot
Channel has been acquired
Mobile Station re-synchronizes at the end of every call
Now the mobile enters the idle state

(Acquired Pilot)
Sync Channel

Sync. Message Parameters

System ID (SID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system

Network ID (NID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the network

within the system (defined by the owner of the SID)

Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) Set to the pilot PN

offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the
network planner

Long Code State (LC_STATE) Provides the mobile station with

the base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME
field, generated dynamically

Sync. Message Parameters

System Time (SYS_TIME) GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the
last superframe containing any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units
of 80 ms, generated dynamically

Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) The data rate of the paging channel for this
system, determined by the network planner

00 if 9600 bps
01 if 4800 bps

CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)

Sync Channel Generation

Modulation
Symbols

Bits

Chips

Walsh Function 32

I PN

R = 1/2 K=9

1200 bps

Convolutional
Encoder and
Repetition

Block
4800 sps Interleaver 4800 sps

1.2288
Mcps

Q PN

Paging Channels

The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1

Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps

The paging channel message:

System parameters message

Access parameters message
Neighbors list message
CDMA channels list message

The functions of a paging channel:

Paging mobile stations and responding access channels

Assigning traffic channel

Paging Channels Generation

Walsh
function
R = 1/2 K=9

19.2
Ksps

9600 bps
4800 bps

Convolutional
Encoder &
Repetition

Paging Channel
Address Mask

Scrambling

I PN

1.2288
Mcps

Block
Interleaving
19.2
Ksps

1.2288
Mcps
Long PN Code
Generator

Decimator

Q PN

CDMA Forward Traffic Channel

Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific

mobile station during a call.

Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one

Sync channel, and 1 - 7 Paging channel.

This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic

channels.
Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.

Now we will talk about the generation of the traffic channel procedure
in details

Forward Traffic Channel

8 kb Vocoding Generation
bits

symbols

chips
I PN

CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps
4800 bps
R =1/2,K=9 19.2
2400 bps
1200 bps
ksps
Convolutional
(Vocoder) Encoding and
Repetition

User Address
Mask
(ESN-based)

Block
Interleaving

1.2288
Long PN Code Mcps

Generation

Power
Control
Bit

Scrambling

Walsh
function
1.2288
Mcps

M
U
X

19.2
ksps

Decimator

Decimator

Q PN
800 Hz

Rate 1/2, k=9 Convolutional Encoding

Symbols generated as the information bits transit through the encoder, are related
to all the bits currently in the register.

Each information bit contributes to multiple symbols.

Pattern of inter-relationships helps detect and correct errors.

The length of shift register is called constraint (K=9) length.

Here, two symbols are generated for every bit input (Rate 1/2).

The longer the register, the better coding can correct bursty errors

Full Rate Block Interleave

Symbols are
Written In

24 Rows

16 Columns
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144

145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168

169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192

193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216

217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264

265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288

289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312

313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336

337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360

361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384

Symbols are
Read Out

The 384 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 24 by 16 block interleave array and read
down by columns, from left to right

Adjacent symbols are now separated in time This separation combats the effect of fast fading

A burst of errors could effect the area in red above and after the frame is written into the
block de-interleave function at the mobile we see the errors are spread out instead of being in
consecutive order.

Data Scrambling

19.2 Ksps
Modulation
Symbols

Block
Interleaver

User Address
Mask (ESN)

Long
Code PN
Generator

19.2
Ksps

1.2288
Mcps

Decimator

19.2
Ksps

To Power
Control Mux

Divide
by 64

Every 64th PN chip is modulo-2 added to a symbol

Randomize transmitted data

Eliminates probability of Pilot Reuse Error

Effects of all 1s or 0s' traffic (impulse-like) is reduced as the stream of

ones or zeros will cause that the receiver may loss the synchronization
with the transmitter as there is any changes in transmitted data
Mobile might demodulate a distant cell with same PN offset

Power Control Sub-channel

Power Control
Bit (800 bps)
Data Scrambling

M
U
X

19.2 Ksps
from Block
Interleaver
1.2288 Mcps
User Long
Code

19.2
Ksps

Decimator

Decimator

Scrambled
Modulation
Symbol or
Power
Control Bit

800 bpS Mux

Timing

A power control sub-channel is transmitted continuously every 1.25ms (or 800HZ)

BTS instruct MS to change its power level by +1dB. A 0 power control bit
requests the MS to increase its power. A 1 power control bit instruct the MS to
decrease its power
Each power control bit has a bit time of two of data bit (for Rate set 1)
A puncturing technique: The 1/(64*24) long code is used to randomize the
position of the power control bit

Composite I and Q

Each channel card has a combiner and

works in a serial array to combine the I
and Q signals for all forward channels in a
partition sector or cell.
The base band I and Q signals for all
channel cards are sent to the CORE
module to be multiplexed together based
on the PN offset.
This ensures that a mobile station does
not mistakenly decode the signal from a
channel with the same Walsh code from
the wrong base station.

Walsh
Code

I PN Code
Q PN Code

Pilot
Channel
Walsh
Code
Sync
Channel
Walsh
Code
Paging
Channel(s)

Walsh
Code
Forward Traffic
Channel(s)

Composite
I
Composite
Q

Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation

Walsh
code
Every
Channel

: XOR

Q PN Code

: Analog sum

: Base band x Carrier

cos ( 2 fct )

Base band
filter

Base band
filter

Gain Control

I PN Code

sin (2 fct )

QPSK output = I cos ( 2 fc t ) + Q sin (2 fc t )

Reverse Traffic Channels

Used when a call is in progress to send:

Supports variable data rate operation for:

Voice traffic from the subscriber

Response to commands/queries from the base station
Requests to the base station

8 Kbps vocoder

Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps

13 Kbps vocoder

Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps

Reverse Traffic Channels

9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps
1200 bps

I PN
(no offset)

R=1/3,K=9

1.2288

28.8
28.8
307.2
Mcps
Convolutional ksps
ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst
Block
Encoder &
Randomizer
Modulation
Interleaver
Repetition

1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
D

User Address
Mask

Long
PN Code
Generator

1.2288
Mcps

Q PN
(no offset)
Direct
Sequence
Spreading

Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

g0

+
Information bits
(INPUT)

g1

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

+
g2

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

Block Interleaving

28.8 ksps
From Coding
& Symbol
Repetition

Input Array
(Normal
Sequence)
32 x 18

Output Array
(Reordered
Sequence)
32 x 18

28.8 ksps to
Orthogonal
Modulation

The 576 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 32 by 18 block

interleave array read down by columns, from left to right

64-ary Orthogonal Modulation

44

35

Walsh Lookup Table

Walsh Chi p within a Walsh Function
1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 0 12 3 4 56 7 89 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 0 1 2 34 5 67 8 9 0 1 2 3

101100 100011

Symbols
64 Chip Pattern of
Walsh Code # 35

10001...11010

W
a
l
s
h
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
I
n
d
e
x

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0

0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001

0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001

0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110

0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01

0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0

0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0

00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1

0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001

For every six symbols in, 64 Walsh Chips are output

Six symbols are converted to a decimal number from 0-63

The Walsh code that corresponds to the decimal number becomes the output

0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110

0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110

0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
0 0 00
0 1 01
0 0 11
0 1 10
1 1 11
1 0 10
1 1 00
1 0 01

0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110

0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1
0 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 1
0 11 0
1 11 1
1 01 0
1 10 0
1 00 1

00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
00 0 0
01 0 1
00 1 1
01 1 0
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1
10 1 0
11 0 0
10 0 1

0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110

Direct Sequence Spreading

307.2
kcps

Data Burst
Randomizer

User Address
Mask

Long
Code PN
Generator

1.2288
Mcps

1.2288
Mcps

Output of the randomizer is direct sequence spread by the long code

The mobile station can use one of two unique long code masks:

A public long code mask based on the ESN

A private long code mask

To Quadrature
Spreading

Offset Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

RF Converters

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence

1.2288 Mcps
I
From
Data Burst
Randomizer

cos( fct) t)
Cos(2f
c
2

1.2288
Mcps
PN chip
1.2288
Mcps

Baseband
Filter

PN

Baseband
D
Filter
1/2 PN Chip
Time Delay

Q
sin(2f
ct)
sin(2 fct)

The channel is spread by a pilot PN sequence with a zero offset

Baseband filtering ensures that the waveform is contained within the required frequency limits
Baseband signals converted to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range

Access Channels

Used by the mobile station to:

Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps

Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel

Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel

Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision

Two message types:

Initiate communication with the base station

Respond to Paging Channel messages

A response message (in response to a base station message)

A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)

Access Channel Generation

I PN (No Offset)

Access Channel
Information
(88 bits/Frame)

4.8 kpbs

R = 1/3
1.2288
28.8
307.2 Mcps
28.8
ksps
Convolutional ksps
Orthogonal kcps
Block
Encoder &
Modulation
Interleaver
Repetition

1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
D

Access Channel
Long Code Mask

Long PN Code
Generator

1.2288
Mcps
Q PN (No Offset)
Direct
Sequence
Spreading

Summarization of Initialization of the Mobile Station

Search for the CDMA carrier, acquire the pilot channel and synchronize the short code.

Receive the synchronous channel message containing the LC_STATE, SYS_TIME, P_RAT.

Acquire timing and synchronize with the system.

Monitor the paging channel and receive the system message.

The mobile station can register and be taken as the calling party or called party.