Scribd
Upload
44 views26 pages

First-Order Circuits (7.1-7.2) : Dr. Holbert April 12, 2006

This document discusses first-order circuits, which contain a single energy storage element and satisfy a first-order differential equation. It covers key concepts like the differential equation, forced and natural solutions, the time constant, and transient and steady-state responses. As examples, it examines the differential equations and time constants of first-order RC and RL circuits and their applications, like modeling computer RAM and electric motors.

Uploaded by

0307ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views26 pages

First-Order Circuits (7.1-7.2) : Dr. Holbert April 12, 2006

This document discusses first-order circuits, which contain a single energy storage element and satisfy a first-order differential equation. It covers key concepts like the differential equation, forced and natural solutions, the time constant, and transient and steady-state responses. As examples, it examines the differential equations and time constants of first-order RC and RL circuits and their applications, like modeling computer RAM and electric motors.

Uploaded by

0307ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

First-Order Circuits (7.1-7.

2)

Dr. Holbert
April 12, 2006
ECE201 Lect-19

1st Order Circuits


Any circuit with a single energy storage
element, an arbitrary number of sources,
and an arbitrary number of resistors is a
circuit of order 1.
Any voltage or current in such a circuit is
the solution to a 1st order differential
equation.
ECE201 Lect-19

Important Concepts

The differential equation


Forced and natural solutions
The time constant
Transient and steady-state waveforms

ECE201 Lect-19

A First-Order RC Circuit
+

vr(t)
R

vs(t)

+
vc(t)

One capacitor and one resistor


The source and resistor may be equivalent to
a circuit with many resistors and sources.
ECE201 Lect-19

Applications Modeled by
a 1st Order RC Circuit
Computer RAM
A dynamic RAM stores ones as charge on
a capacitor.
The charge leaks out through transistors
modeled by large resistances.
The charge must be periodically
refreshed.
ECE201 Lect-19

The Differential Equation(s)


+

vr(t)
R

vs(t)

+
vc(t)

KVL around the loop:


vr(t) + vc(t) = vs(t)
ECE201 Lect-19

Differential Equation(s)
t

1
Ri (t ) i ( x)dx vs (t )
C
dvs (t )
di (t )
RC
i (t ) C
dt
dt
dvs (t )
dvr (t )
RC
vr (t ) RC
dt
dt
ECE201 Lect-19

What is the differential equation


for vc(t)?

ECE201 Lect-19

A First-Order RL Circuit
+
is(t)

v(t)

One inductor and one resistor


The source and resistor may be equivalent to
a circuit with many resistors and sources.
ECE201 Lect-19

Applications Modeled by
a 1st Order LC Circuit
The windings in an electric motor or
generator.

ECE201 Lect-19

10

The Differential Equation(s)


+
R

is(t)

v(t)

KCL at the top node:


t

v(t ) 1
v( x)dx is (t )
R
L
ECE201 Lect-19

11

The Differential Equation


dis (t )
L dv(t )
v(t )
L
R dt
dt

ECE201 Lect-19

12

1st Order Differential Equation


Voltages and currents in a 1st order circuit
satisfy a differential equation of the form

dv(t )
a v(t ) f (t )
dt

ECE201 Lect-19

13

Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced (particular) and natural
(complementary) solutions
The time constant
Transient and steady-state waveforms

ECE201 Lect-19

14

The Particular Solution


The particular solution vp(t) is usually a
weighted sum of f(t) and its first derivative.
That is, the particular solution looks like the
forcing function

If f(t) is constant, then vp(t) is constant.


If f(t) is sinusoidal, then vp(t) is sinusoidal.

ECE201 Lect-19

15

The Complementary Solution


The complementary solution has the
following form:

vc (t ) Ke

at

Ke

t /

Initial conditions determine the value of K.

ECE201 Lect-19

16

Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced (particular) and natural
(complementary) solutions
The time constant
Transient and steady-state waveforms

ECE201 Lect-19

17

The Time Constant ()


The complementary solution for any 1st
order circuit is

vc (t ) Ke

t /

For an RC circuit, = RC
For an RL circuit, = L/R
ECE201 Lect-19

18

What Does vc(t) Look Like?


= 10-4

ECE201 Lect-19

19

Interpretation of
The time constant, is the amount of time
necessary for an exponential to decay to
36.7% of its initial value.
-1/ is the initial slope of an exponential
with an initial value of 1.

ECE201 Lect-19

20

Implications of the Time


Constant
Should the time constant be large or small:
Computer RAM
A sample-and-hold circuit
An electrical motor
A camera flash unit

ECE201 Lect-19

21

Important Concepts
The differential equation
Forced (particular) and natural
(complementary) solutions
The time constant
Transient and steady-state waveforms

ECE201 Lect-19

22

Transient Waveforms
The transient portion of the waveform is a
decaying exponential:

ECE201 Lect-19

23

Steady-State Response
The steady-state response depends on the
source(s) in the circuit.
Constant sources give DC (constant)
steady-state responses.
Sinusoidal sources give AC (sinusoidal)
steady-state responses.

ECE201 Lect-19

24

LC Characteristics
Element

V/I Relation

DC Steady-State

Resistor

V(t) = R I(t)

V=IR

Capacitor I(t) = C dV(t)/dt

I=0; open

Inductor

V=0; short

V(t) = L dI(t)/dt

ECE201 Lect-19

25

Class Examples
Learning Extension E7.1
Learning Extension E7.2

ECE201 Lect-19

26

You might also like