Maxillofacial Trauma

By
Daniel Cerbone D.O.
St. Barnabas Hospital
Emergency Department
 Pathophysiology
 Maxillofacial fractures result from either
blunt or penetrating trauma.
 Penetrating injuries are more common in
city hospitals.
– Midfacial and zygomatic injuries.
 Blunt injuries are more frequently seen in
community hospitals.
– Nose and mandibular injuries.
 Pathophysiology
 High Impact:
– Supraorbital rim – 200 G
– Symphysis of the Mandible –100 G
– Frontal – 100 G
– Angle of the mandible – 70 G
 Low Impact:
– Zygoma – 50 G
– Nasal bone – 30 G
 Etiology
 @60% of patients with severe facial trauma
have multisystem trauma and the potential
for airway compromise.
– 20-50% concurrent brain injury.
– 1-4% cervical spine injuries.
– Blindness occurs in 0.5-3%
 Etiology
 25% of women with facial trauma are
victims of domestic violence.
– Increases to 30% if an orbital wall fx is present.
 25% of patients with severe facial trauma
will develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Anatomy
Anatomy
 Emergency Management
Airway Control
 Control airway:
– Chin lift.
– Jaw thrust.
– Oropharyngeal suctioning.
– Manually move the tongue forward.
– Maintain cervical immobilization
 Emergency Management
Intubation Considerations
 Avoid nasotracheal intubation:
– Nasocranial intubation
– Nasal hemorrhage
 Avoid Rapid Sequence Intubation:
– Failure to intubate or ventilate.
 Consider an awake intubation.
 Sedate with benzodiazepines.
 Emergency Management
Intubation Considerations
 Consider fiberoptic intubation if available.
 Alternatives include percutaneous
transtracheal ventilation and retrograde
intubation.
 Be prepared for cricothyroidotomy.
 Emergency Management
Hemorrhage Control
 Maxillofacial bleeding:
– Direct pressure.
– Avoid blind clamping in wounds.
 Nasal bleeding:
– Direct pressure.
– Anterior and posterior packing.
 Pharyngeal bleeding:
– Packing of the pharynx around ET tube.
 History
 Obtain a history from the patient, witnesses
and or EMS.
 AMPLE history
 Specific Questions:
– Was there LOC? If so, how long?
– How is your vision?
– Hearing problems?
 History
 Specific Questions:
– Is there pain with eye movement?
– Are there areas of numbness or tingling on your
face?
– Is the patient able to bite down without any
pain?
– Is there pain with moving the jaw?
 Physical Examination
 Inspection of the face for asymmetry.
 Inspect open wounds for foreign bodies.
 Palpate the entire face.
– Supraorbital and Infraorbital rim
– Zygomatic-frontal suture
– Zygomatic arches
 Physical Examination
 Inspect the nose for asymmetry, telecanthus,
widening of the nasal bridge.
 Inspect nasal septum for septal hematoma, CSF or
blood.
 Palpate nose for crepitus, deformity and
subcutaneous air.
 Palpate the zygoma along its arch and its
articulations with the maxilla, frontal and temporal
bone.
 Physical Examination
 Check facial stability.
 Inspect the teeth for malocclusions, bleeding and
step-off.
 Intraoral examination:
– Manipulation of each tooth.
– Check for lacerations.
– Stress the mandible.
– Tongue blade test.
 Palpate the mandible for tenderness, swelling and
step-off.
 Physical Examination
 Check visual acuity.
 Check pupils for roundness and reactivity.
 Examine the eyelids for lacerations.
 Test extra ocular muscles.
 Palpate around the entire orbits..
 Physical Examination
 Examine the cornea for abrasions and
lacerations.
 Examine the anterior chamber for blood or
hyphema.
 Perform fundoscopic exam and examine the
posterior chamber and the retina.
 Physical Examination
 Examine and palpate the exterior ears.
 Examine the ear canals.
 Check nuero distributions of the
supraorbital, infraorbital, inferior alveolar
and mental nerves.
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Pathophysiology
 Results from a direct blow to the frontal
bone with blunt object.
 Associated with:
– Intracranial injuries
– Injuries to the orbital roof
– Dural tears
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Clinical Findings
 Disruption or
crepitance orbital rim
 Subcutaneous
emphysema
 Associated with a
laceration
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Diagnosis
 Radiographs:
– Facial views should
include Waters,
Caldwell and lateral
projections.
– Caldwell view best
evaluates the anterior
wall fractures.
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Diagnosis
 CT Head with bone
windows:
– Frontal sinus fractures.
– Orbital rim and
nasoethmoidal
fractures.
– R/O brain injuries or
intracranial bleeds.
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Treatment
 Patients with depressed skull fractures or with
posterior wall involvement.
– ENT or nuerosurgery consultation.
– Admission.
– IV antibiotics.
– Tetanus.
 Patients with isolated anterior wall fractures,
nondisplaced fractures can be treated outpatient
after consultation with neurosurgery.
Frontal Sinus/ Bone Fractures
Complications
 Associated with intracranial injuries:
– Orbital roof fractures.
– Dural tears.
– Mucopyocoele.
– Epidural empyema.
– CSF leaks.
– Meningitis.
 Naso-Ethmoidal-Orbital
Fracture
 Fractures that extend into
the nose through the
ethmoid bones.
 Associated with lacrimal
disruption and dural tears.
 Suspect if there is trauma
to the nose or medial
orbit.
 Patients complain of pain
on eye movement.
 Naso-Ethmoidal-Orbital
Fracture
 Clinical findings:
– Flattened nasal bridge or a saddle-shaped
deformity of the nose.
– Widening of the nasal bridge (telecanthus)
– CSF rhinorrhea or epistaxis.
– Tenderness, crepitus, and mobility of the nasal
complex.
– Intranasal palpation reveals movement of the
medial canthus.
 Naso-Ethmoidal-Orbital
Fracture
 Imaging studies:
– Plain radiographs are insensitive.
– CT of the face with coronal cuts through the
medial orbits.
 Treatment:
– Maxillofacial consultation.
– ? Antibiotic
 Nasal Fractures
 Most common of all facial fractures.
 Injuries may occur to other surrounding
bony structures.
 3 types:
– Depressed
– Laterally displaced
– Nondisplaced
 Nasal Fractures
 Ask the patient:
– “Have you ever broken your nose before?”
– “How does your nose look to you?”
– “Are you having trouble breathing?”
 Nasal Fractures
 Clinical findings:
– Nasal deformity
– Edema and tenderness
– Epistaxis
– Crepitus and mobility
 Nasal Fractures
 Diagnosis:
– History and physical
exam.
– Lateral or Waters view
to confirm your
diagnosis.
 Nasal Fractures
 Treatment:
– Control epistaxis.
– Drain septal
hematomas.
– Refer patients to ENT
as outpatient.
 Orbital Blowout Fractures
 Blow out fractures are the most common.
 Occur when the the globe sustains a direct
blunt force
 2 mechanisms of injury:
– Blunt trauma to the globe
– Direct blow to the infraorbital rim
 Orbital Blowout Fractures
Clinical Findings
 Periorbital tenderness,
swelling, ecchymosis.
 Enopthalmus or
sunken eyes.
 Impaired ocular
motility.
 Infraorbital anesthesia.
 Step off deformity
 Orbital Blowout Fractures
Imaging studies
 Radiographs:
– Hanging tear drop sign
– Open bomb bay door
– Air fluid levels
– Orbital emphysema
 Orbital Blowout Fractures
Imaging studies
 CT of orbits
– Details the orbital
fracture
– Excludes retrobulbar
hemorrhage.
 CT Head
– R/o intracranial
injuries
 Orbital Blowout Fractures
Treatment
 Blow out fractures without eye injury do not
require admission
– Maxillofacial and ophthalmology consultation
– Tetanus
– Decongestants for 3 days
– Prophylactic antibiotics
– Avoid valsalva or nose blowing
 Patients with serious eye injuries should be
admitted to ophthalmology service for further care.
 Zygoma Fractures
 The zygoma has 2 major components:
– Zygomatic arch
– Zygomatic body
 Blunt trauma most common cause.
 Two types of fractures can occur:
– Arch fracture (most common)
– Tripod fracture (most serious)
 Zygoma Arch Fractures
 Can fracture 2 to 3 places along the arch
– Lateral to each end of the arch
– Fracture in the middle of the arch
 Patients usually present with pain on
opening their mouth.
 Zygoma Arch Fractures
Clinical Findings
 Palpable bony defect
over the arch
 Depressed cheek with
tenderness
 Pain in cheek and jaw
movement
 Limited mandibular
movement
 Zygoma Arch Fractures
Imaging Studies & Treatment
 Radiographic imaging:
– Submental view
(bucket handle view)
 Treatment:
– Consult maxillofacial
surgeon
– Ice and analgesia
– Possible open elevation
 Zygoma Tripod Fractures
 Tripod fractures
consist of fractures
through:
– Zygomatic arch
– Zygomaticofrontal
suture
– Inferior orbital rim and
floor
 Zygoma Tripod Fractures
Clinical Features
 Clinical features:
– Periorbital edema and
ecchymosis
– Hypesthesia of the
infraorbital nerve
– Palpation may reveal
step off
– Concomitant globe
injuries are common
 Zygoma Tripod Fractures
Imaging Studies
 Radiographic imaging:
– Waters, Submental and
Caldwell views
 Coronal CT of the
facial bones:
– 3-D reconstruction
 Zygoma Tripod Fractures
Treatment
 Nondisplaced fractures without eye involvement
– Ice and analgesics
– Delayed operative consideration 5-7 days
– Decongestants
– Broad spectrum antibiotics
– Tetanus
 Displaced tripod fractures usually require
admission for open reduction and internal fixation.
 Maxillary Fractures
 High energy injuries.
 Impact 100 times the force of gravity is
required .
 Patients often have significant multisystem
trauma.
 Classified as LeFort fractures.
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort I
 Definition:
– Horizontal fracture of
the maxilla at the level
of the nasal fossa.
– Allows motion of the
maxilla while the nasal
bridge remains stable.
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort I
 Clinical findings:
– Facial edema
– Malocclusion of the
teeth
– Motion of the maxilla
while the nasal bridge
remains stable
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort I
 Radiographic findings:
– Fracture line which
involves
 Nasal aperture
 Inferior maxilla
 Lateral wall of maxilla
 CT of the face and
head
– coronal cuts
– 3-D reconstruction
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort II
 Definition:
– Pyramidal fracture
 Maxilla
 Nasal bones
 Medial aspect of the
orbits
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort II
 Clinical findings:
– Marked facial edema
– Nasal flattening
– Traumatic telecanthus
– Epistaxis or CSF
rhinorrhea
– Movement of the upper
jaw and the nose.
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort II
 Radiographic imaging:
– Fracture involves:
 Nasal bones
 Medial orbit
 Maxillary sinus
 Frontal process of the
maxilla
 CT of the face and
head
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort III
 Definition:
– Fractures through:
 Maxilla
 Zygoma
 Nasal bones
 Ethmoid bones
 Base of the skull
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort III
 Clinical findings:
– Dish faced deformity
– Epistaxis and CSF
rhinorrhea
– Motion of the maxilla,
nasal bones and
zygoma
– Severe airway
obstruction
 Maxillary Fractures
LeFort III
 Radiographic imaging:
– Fractures through:
 Zygomaticfrontal suture
 Zygoma
 Medial orbital wall
 Nasal bone
 CT Face and the Head
 Maxillary Fractures
Treatment
 Secure and airway
 Control Bleeding
 Head elevation 40-60 degrees
 Consult with maxillofacial surgeon
 Consider antibiotics
 Admission
 Mandible Fractures
Pathophysiology
 Mandibular fractures are
the third most common
facial fracture.
 Assaults and falls on the
chin account for most of
the injuries.
 Multiple fractures are seen
in greater then 50%.
 Associated C-spine
injuries – 0.2-6%.
 Mandible Fractures
Clinical findings
 Mandibular pain.
 Malocclusion of the teeth
 Separation of teeth with
intraoral bleeding
 Inability to fully open
mouth.
 Preauricular pain with
biting.
 Positive tongue blade test.
 Mandible Fractures
 Radiographs:
– Panoramic view
– Plain view: PA, Lateral and a Townes view
 Mandibular Fractures
Treatment
 Nondisplaced fractures:
– Analgesics
– Soft diet
– oral surgery referral in 1-2 days
 Displaced fractures, open fractures and fractures
with associated dental trauma
– Urgent oral surgery consultation
 All fractures should be treated with antibiotics and
tetanus prophylaxis.
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Causes of mandibular dislocation are:
– Blunt trauma
– Excessive mouth opening
 Risk factors:
– Weakness of the temporal mandibular ligament
– Over stretched joint capsule
– Shallow articular eminence
– Neurologic diseases
 Mandibular Dislocation
 The mandible can be
dislocated:

– Anterior 70%
– Posterior
– Lateral
– Superior
 Dislocations are
mostly bilateral.
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Posterior dislocations:
– Direct blow to the chin
– Condylar head is pushed against the mastoid
 Lateral dislocations:
– Associated with a jaw fracture
– Condylar head is forced laterally and superiorly
 Superior dislocations:
– Blow to a partially open mouth
– Condylar head is force upward
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Clinical features:
– Inability to close
mouth
– Pain
– Facial swelling
 Physical exam:
– Palpable depression
– Jaw will deviate away
– Jaw displaced anterior
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Diagnosis:
– History & Physical
exam
– X-rays
– CT
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Treatment:
– Muscle relaxant
– Analgesic
– Closed reduction in the
emergency room
 Mandibular Dislocation
 Treatment:
– Oral surgeon consultation:
 Open dislocations

 Superior, posterior or lateral dislocations

 Non-reducible dislocations

 Dislocations associated with fractures