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Deltastar Power Project Services PVT - LTD:: Engineers

The document summarizes a training program on carrier communication basics, protocols, and carrier protection held on October 10, 2011. It includes an introduction to protocols for computer communication and networking. The key points covered are the seven-layer OSI model and what each layer is responsible for. Examples of common application layer protocols like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, and DNS are also provided. The document then discusses Ethernet frame format and typical Ethernet LAN configurations.

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76 views25 pages

Deltastar Power Project Services PVT - LTD:: Engineers

The document summarizes a training program on carrier communication basics, protocols, and carrier protection held on October 10, 2011. It includes an introduction to protocols for computer communication and networking. The key points covered are the seven-layer OSI model and what each layer is responsible for. Examples of common application layer protocols like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, and DNS are also provided. The document then discusses Ethernet frame format and typical Ethernet LAN configurations.

Uploaded by

kailasamvv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deltastar power project services Pvt.

Ltd

Name of the Trg. Prg.

: Fast Track Training programme


for Experienced Engineers
on Power system Protection

Topic

Carrier Communication basics,


Communication Protocol and carrier protection

Date

: 10 th OCT. 2011

By : Er .R.SURENDRAN
(Former SE/P&C/TNEB)
10-10-2011
10 th OCT 2011

Protocols
2

What is a protocol?
Protocol An agreement about how to do something
This enables computers and software built by different
people to be able to communicate in the same language

Examples :

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Web Browser


File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File transfer
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Email
Internet Protocol (IP) Packets across the Internet

Protocols of Computer Communications and Networks


Protocol are used for communication between computers in different
computer networks. Protocol achieves:
What is communicated between computers?
How it is communicated?
When it is communicated?
What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?
Key elements of a protocol are:
SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels
SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination and error
handling
TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing
Examples of protocols:
WAN Protocol: TCP/IP
LAN Protocol: Media Access Control; Contention; Token Passing
4

Protocol Layers

Protocols can be layered on top of other


protocols to enable new ways of
communicating

Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)


Reference Model
ISO recommends the
Open Systems
Interconnect (OSI)
Model as a theoretical
framework for
communication
between two machines
in a LAN. It defines
the parameters for
communication
hardware and software
6

OSI
The OSI is a model of how network
communications should be broken down into
functional tasks. Each layer performs one
task. It provides services to the layer above it,
and uses services from the layer below it.
Remote devices talk to each other at the same
level.
The OSI model is broken down into 7 levels
(layers) which we will discuss.

7 layers of OSI

(Open System Interconnect)

All
People
Seem
To
Need
Data
Processing

OSI

OSI

10

OSI

Layer 1 Physical

Layer 1 Physical simply put is concerned with


physically sending electric signals over a medium.
Is concerned with
specific cabling,
voltages and
Timings

This level actually sends data as electrical signals


that other equipment using the same physical
medium understand ex. Ethernet
11

OSI

Layer 2 Data Link

Layer 2 Data Link data link goes hand in hand with


physical layer. The data link level actually defines the
format of how data frames will be sent over the
physical medium, so that two network cards of the
same network type will actually be able to
communicate. These frames are sent to physical level
to be turned into the electronic signals that are sent
over a specific network. (layer 2 uses the services of
layer 1)
Two network cards on the same LAN communicate at
the data link layer.
12

OSI

Layer 3 Network

Layer 3 Network Layer 3 is concerned with


network addressing and specifically moving
packets between networks in an optimal manner
(routing). Some Layer 3 network protocols are
IP
IPX/SPX
Apple Talk

13

OSI

Layer 4 Transport

OSI Layer 4 Transport Provides end-to-end


data transport services and establishes a logical
connection between 2 computers systems.
Virtual connection between COMPUTERS

14

OSI Layer 5 Session


OSI Layer 5 Session responsible for
establishing a connection between two
APPLICATIONS! Either on the same computer
or two different computers
Create connection
Transfer data
Release connection

15

OSI Layer 6 presentation


OSI Layer 6 present the data in a format that all
computers can understand
Concerned with encryption, compression and
formatting

16

OSI Layer 7 Application


This layers is concerned the
communications / protocols between
two applications communicating with
each other.
HTTP
SMTP
DNS

This is the layer that most software


uses to talk with other software.

17

OSI

18

Application Protocols
HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
DNS

Domain Name Service

19

Data Networks Terminology


Data Network
Collaborative environment that provides worldwide access to
corporate data

Network Architecture
A coordinated set of guidelines that describe a communications
environment

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)


Transmits and receives data; Examples: Desktop computer, Printer

DCE (Data Communications Equipment)


Coupled to transmission medium; Examples: Router, Modem

Interface
Provides handshaking from one layer to the next; Example: NIC

Protocol Converter
Connects two systems at the same layer; Example: Bridge

20

Ethernet
Formal specifications for Ethernet were published
in 1980 by a multi-vendor consortium that created
the DEC-Intel-Xerox (DIX) standard
It marked a turning point in the evolution of
experimental Ethernet into an open, productionquality system
Ethernet and 802.3 have many common features

Protocol: CSMA/CD
Data Link Control Protocol: HDLC
Error Detection and Correction Method: CRC
Data Encoding Format: Differential Manchester
21

Ethernet Frame Format

22

Ethernet Frame
Preamble
The alternating pattern of 1s and 0s tells receiving stations that a frame is
coming. An additional byte serves to synchronize the frame-reception
portions of all stations on the LAN.

Destination and Source Addresses


Each address comprises of 6 bytes

Length
Indicates the number of bytes of data

Data
Payload or actual data, which can vary from 46 to 1500 bytes

Frame Check Sequence (FCS)


Contains a four-byte CRC value

Ethernet LANs are 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and 1000BaseT


23

Typical 10BaseT and 100BaseT LAN Configuration

24

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