The document provides an introduction to derivatives, including forwards, futures, options, swaps, and the structures of exchanges and clearing houses. It discusses initiating and liquidating future positions, margin requirements, and order types. The unit syllabus covers the regulatory framework for derivatives and the roles of floor brokers and future commission merchants.
The document provides an introduction to derivatives, including forwards, futures, options, swaps, and the structures of exchanges and clearing houses. It discusses initiating and liquidating future positions, margin requirements, and order types. The unit syllabus covers the regulatory framework for derivatives and the roles of floor brokers and future commission merchants.
The document provides an introduction to derivatives, including forwards, futures, options, swaps, and the structures of exchanges and clearing houses. It discusses initiating and liquidating future positions, margin requirements, and order types. The unit syllabus covers the regulatory framework for derivatives and the roles of floor brokers and future commission merchants.
The document provides an introduction to derivatives, including forwards, futures, options, swaps, and the structures of exchanges and clearing houses. It discusses initiating and liquidating future positions, margin requirements, and order types. The unit syllabus covers the regulatory framework for derivatives and the roles of floor brokers and future commission merchants.
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Unit 1 Syllabus
Introduction to Derivatives: forwards, Futures, options, swaps, trading mechanisms, Exchanges, Clearing house (structure and operations, regulatory framework), Floor brokers, Initiating trade, Liquidating or Future position, Initial margins, Variation margins, Types and orders. future commission merchant.
Introduction to Derivatives RAVI IBA
D e ri v a ti v e s m e a n i n g a n d de fi n iti o n Derivatives are instruments in respect of which the trading is carried out as a right on an underlying asset. In normal trading, an asset is acquired or sold. When we deal with Derivatives, the asset itself is not traded, but a right to buy or sell the asset, is traded.
D e ri v a ti v e s m e a n i n g a n d de fi n iti o n Thus a derivative instrument does not directly result in a trade but gives a right to a person which may ultimately result in trade. A buyer of a derivative gets a right over the asset which after or during a particular period of time might result in her buying or selling the asset. A derivative is often defined as a financial instrument whose value derives from that of something else
D e ri v a ti v e s m e a n i n g a n d de fi n iti o n In abstract, a derivative is a price guarantee. Nearly every derivative out there is just an agreement between a buyer and a future seller. Every derivative specifies a future price at which some time can or must be sold. Thus item is an underlier, which might be some physical commodity such as corn or natural gas or some financial security such as stock or a govt. bond or something abstract like price index.
D e ri v a ti v e s m e a n i n g a n d de fi n iti o n Every derivative must specifies a future date on or before which the transaction must occur. These are common elements of all derivatives: buyer and seller, underlier, future price and future date. Some derivatives guarantee something other than a price. Credit Derivatives give performance guarantee not price guarantees. Weather derivatives guarantee things like temperature or rainfall. Vast derivatives guarantee price guarantees.
D e ri v a ti v e s m e a n i n g a n d de fi n iti o n Derivatives are risk transferring instruments. They are called derivatives since they derive their value from the value of underlying, which may be either may be either interest rate, foreign exchange, index, commodity or shares or any securities. Derivatives can be classified as OTC (over the counter) and Exchange Traded Derivatives.
History of derivatives exchange
Derivatives exchanges have existed for a long
time. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was established in 1848 to bring farmers and merchants together. Initially its main task was to standardize the quantities and qualities of the grains that were traded. Within a few years the first futurestype contract was developed
History of derivatives exchange
It was known as a to-arrive contract. Speculators
soon became interested in the contract and found trading the contract to be an attractive alternative to trading the grain itself. A rival futures exchange, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), was established in 1919. Now futures exchanges exist all over the world.
Electronic markets Traditionally derivatives exchanges have used what is known as the open outcry system. This involves traders physically meeting on the floor of the exchange, shouting, and using a complicated set of hand signals to indicate the trades they would like to carry out.
Electronic markets Exchanges are increasingly replacing the open outcry system by electronic trading. This involves traders entering their desired trades at a key board and a computer being used to match buyers and sellers. The open outcry system has its advocates, but, as time passes, it is becoming less and less common.
OTC Derivatives Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives are contracts that are traded (and privately negotiated) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary. Products such as swaps, forward rate agreements, exotic options and other exotic derivatives are almost always traded in this way.
OTC Derivatives The OTC derivative market is the largest market for derivatives, and is largely unregulated with respect to disclosure of information between the parties, since the OTC market is made up of banks and other highly sophisticated parties, such as hedge funds. Reporting of OTC amounts is difficult because trades can occur in private, without activity being visible on any exchange.
Over-the-counter markets The over-the-counter market is an important alternative to exchanges and measured in terms of the total volume of trading, has become much larger than the exchangetraded market. It is a telephone- and computer-linked network of dealers. Trades are done over the phone and are usually between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and one of its clients.
Trades in the over- the-counter market are
typically much larger than trades in the exchange-traded market. A key advantage of the over-the-counter market is that the terms of a contract do not have to be those specified by an exchange. Market participants are free to negotiate any mutually attractive deal. A disadvantage is that there is usually some credit risk in an over-the-counter trade.
Market size Both the over-the counter and the exchangetraded market for derivative are huge.
Exchange-traded Derivatives Exchange-traded derivatives (ETD) are those derivatives instruments that are traded via specialized derivatives exchanges or other exchanges. A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade standardized contracts that have been defined by the exchange. A derivatives exchange acts as an intermediary to all related transactions, and takes initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee.
Exchange-traded Derivatives The exchange market is sometimes known as the Listed Market In the exchange market buyer and seller do no need to worry about finding each other. Futures and most options are traded on exchange. In OTC trade, the two parties have no fundamental assurance that the other side will hold up their end of the deal. Exchange trade, the exchange itself guarantees that all counterparties will fulfil their responsibilities.
Vanilla and Exotics Derivatives
Types Simple derivatives are known as Vanilla Some complex derivatives are known as Exotics Derivatives are variation or combinations of four basic types Forward contract Futures contract Swap contract Option contract
How are derivatives used ?
Derivatives are used primarily for Hedging (Risk Management) or for Speculation. Hedgers used derivatives to reduce financial risk or the prospect that the price of things might move against them. Speculators use derivatives not to reduce financial risk but potentially profit from it. Other uses of Derivatives : Market-makers and arbitrageurs.
How are derivatives used ? Contd.
Market Maker :a dealer in securities or other assets who undertakes to buy or sell at specified prices at all times 'Market Maker' A broker-dealer firm that accepts the risk of holding a certain number of shares of a particular security in order to facilitate trading in that security. Each market maker competes for customer order flow by displaying buy and sell quotations for a guaranteed number of shares. Arbitrageur' A type of investor who attempts to profit from price inefficiencies in the market by making simultaneous trades that offset each other and capturing risk-free profits. Arbitrageurs search for pricing mistakes or inefficiencies
Basic Derivatives Types
Forward contract: A forward contract is an agreement to buy something at a specified price on specified future date. Futures contract: A futures contract is a standardised forward contract executed at an exchange, a forum that brings buyers and settlers together.
Basic Derivatives Types
Swap contract : A swap contract is an agreement to exchange cash flows. Typically, one cash flow is based on a variable or floating price and other on a fixed one. Option contract : An option contract grants the holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell something at a specified price, on or before a specified future date. Most are executed at an exchange.
